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the President's financial people

Толкование Перевод

1 people

people ['pi:pəl]

personnes ⇒ 1 (a) gens ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (c) on ⇒ 1 (b) peuple ⇒ 1 (d), 2 (a) nation ⇒ 2 (a) population ⇒ 2 (b) peupler ⇒ 3

1 plural noun

(a) (gen) personnes fpl, gens mpl;

∎ 500 people 500 personnes;

∎ there were people everywhere il y avait des gens ou du monde partout;

∎ how many people were there? combien de personnes y avait-il?;

∎ there were a lot of people there il y avait beaucoup de monde;

∎ some people think it's true certaines personnes ou certains pensent que c'est vrai;

∎ a lot of people think that… beaucoup de gens pensent que…;

∎ some people will believe anything! il y a des gens qui croiraient n'importe quoi!;

∎ I've talked to several people about it j'en ai parlé à plusieurs personnes;

∎ to have people skills avoir le sens du contact;

∎ she's a real people person elle a vraiment le sens du contact;

∎ many/most people disagree beaucoup de gens/la plupart des gens ne sont pas d'accord;

∎ really, some people! il y a des gens, je vous jure!;

∎ are you people coming or not? et vous (autres), vous venez ou pas?;

∎ it's Meg, of all people! ça alors, c'est Meg!;

∎ you of all people should know that! si quelqu'un doit savoir ça, c'est bien toi!

(b) (in indefinite uses) on;

∎ people say it's impossible on dit que c'est impossible;

∎ I don't want people to know about this je ne veux pas qu'on le sache ou que cela se sache;

∎ people won't like it les gens ne vont pas aimer ça

(c) (with qualifier) gens mpl;

∎ clever/sensitive people les gens mpl intelligents/sensibles;

∎ rich/poor/blind people les riches/pauvres/aveugles mpl;

∎ young people les jeunes mpl;

∎ old people les personnes fpl âgées;

∎ city/country people les citadins/campagnards mpl;

∎ people who know her ceux qui la connaissent;

∎ people like you les gens comme toi;

∎ people of taste les gens mpl de goût;

∎ people with large cars ceux qui ont de grandes voitures;

∎ they are nice people ce sont des gens sympathiques;

∎ nice people don't do that! les gens bien ou comme il faut ne font pas ce genre de chose!;

∎ they are theatre/circus people ce sont des gens de théâtre/du cirque;

∎ Danish people les Danois mpl;

∎ the people of Brazil les Brésiliens mpl;

∎ the people of Glasgow les habitants mpl de Glasgow;

∎ the people of Yorkshire les gens mpl du Yorkshire;

∎ I'll call the electricity/gas people tomorrow je téléphonerai à la compagnie d'électricité/de gaz demain;

∎ the President's financial people les conseillers mpl financiers du Président

(d) Politics

∎ the people le peuple;

∎ the people are behind her le peuple la soutient ou est avec elle;

∎ power to the people! le pouvoir au peuple!;

∎ a people's government/democracy un gouvernement/une démocratie populaire

(e) old-fashioned (family) famille f, parents mpl;

∎ her people emigrated in 1801 sa famille a émigré en 1801

2 noun

(a) (nation) peuple m, nation f;

∎ a seafaring people un peuple de marins

(b) (ethnic group) population f;

∎ the native peoples of Polynesia les populations fpl indigènes ou autochtones de Polynésie;

∎ the French-speaking peoples les populations fpl francophones

3 transitive verb

(usu passive) (inhabit) peupler;

∎ peopled by peuplée de, habité par;

∎ figurative the monsters that people his dreams les monstres qui hantent ses rêves

►► people carrier (car) monospace m;

people mover (car) monospace m; (transport) système m de transport automatique; (moving pavement) trottoir m roulant;

people power pouvoir m populaire;

the People's Republic of China la République populaire de Chine

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > people
2 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
3 responder

v.

1 to answer.

Ella le responde a Ricardo She answers Richard.

2 to answer back.

3 to respond.

Ellos responden pronto They respond soon.

4 to hit back, to fight back.

El chico responde The boy hits back.

* * *

responder

► verbo transitivo

1 (contestar) to answer

► verbo intransitivo

1 (contestar) to answer, reply

■ respondió a la pregunta she answered to the question

2 (replicar) to answer back

3 (corresponder) to answer, respond to

■ tengo que responder a su amabilidad I have to respond to his kindness

4 (tener el efecto deseado) to respond

■ el motor respondió bien the engine responded well

5 (rendir) to go well, do well

■ este campo responde this field is very productive

6 (ser responsable) to answer (de, for), accept responsibility (de, for)

■ responderás de sus faltas you'll answer for her mistakes

7 (garantizar) to guarantee, vouch (de, for)

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

responder a un tratamiento to respond to a course of treatment

responder a una descripción to answer a description, fit a description

responder a una necesidad to answer a need, meet a need

responder al nombre de... (animal) to answer to the name of... 2 (persona) to go by the name of...

■ responde al nombre de Ana she goes by the name of Ana

responder de alguien to be responsible for somebody

responder por alguien to vouch for somebody, act as a guarantor for somebody

* * *

verb

to answer, reply, respond

* * *

1. VI

1) (=contestar) [a pregunta, llamada] to answer; [en diálogo, carta] to reply

la mayor parte de los encuestados respondió afirmativamente — the majority of people surveyed said yes o frm answered positively

aunque llamen al timbre varias veces no respondas — even if they ring the bell a number of times don't answer

respóndame lo antes posible — please reply as soon as possible

respondió de forma contundente — he gave a forceful reply

responder a — [+ pregunta] to answer; [+ carta] to reply to, answer; [+ críticas, peticiones] to respond to, answer

la primera ministra eludió responder a las acusaciones de la oposición — the prime minister avoided answering the opposition's accusations

responder al nombre de — [persona] to go by the name of; [animal] to answer to the name of

el detenido, cuyo nombre responde a las iniciales A. M.,... — the person under arrest, whose initials are A.M.,...

2) (=replicar) to answer back

no me respondas — don't answer me back

3) (=reaccionar) to respond

nunca se imaginó que la gente fuera a responder tan bien — he never imagined that people would respond so well

los frenos no respondieron — the brakes didn't respond

si las abonas bien verás qué bien responden — if you feed them well you'll see how well they respond

responder a, no respondió al tratamiento — he did not respond to the treatment

el pueblo respondió a su llamada — the population answered his call o más frm responded to his call

4) (=rendir) [negocio] to do well; [máquina] to perform well; [empleado] to produce results

debes preparar un equipo de profesionales que responda — you must train a team of professionals that can produce results o come up with the goods *

5) (=satisfacer)

responder a — [+ exigencias, necesidades] to meet; [+ expectativas] to come up to

este tipo de productos no responde ya a las exigencias del mercado — this type of product no longer meets market demands

el equipo italiano no ha respondido a las expectativas — the Italian team has not come up to expectations

la construcción de esta nueva carretera responde a una necesidad social — this new road has been built in response to public need

6) (=corresponder)

responder a — [+ idea, imagen, información] to correspond to; [+ descripción] to answer, fit

una imagen de fragilidad que no responde a la realidad — an image of fragility that does not correspond to reality

uno de los detenidos responde a la descripción del sospechoso — one of those arrested answers o fits the description of the suspect

7) (=responsabilizarse)

yo ya te avisé, así que no respondo — I warned you before, I'm not responsible

responder de — [+ acto, consecuencia] to answer for; [+ seguridad, deuda] to be responsible for; [+ honestidad] to vouch for

cada cual debe responder de sus actos — every person must answer for his or her actions

tendrá que responder de su gestión económica ante un tribunal — he will have to answer for his financial management in a court of law

yo no respondo de lo que pueda pasar — I cannot answer for the consequences

la empresa no responde de la seguridad del edificio — the company is not responsible for the security of the building

8)

responder por algn — to vouch for sb

yo respondo por él — I can vouch for him

9) [material] to be workable, be easily worked

2.

VT (=contestar) [+ pregunta, llamada] to answer

responde algo, aunque sea al azar — give an answer o say something, even if it's a guess

- no quiero -respondió — "I don't want to," he replied

me respondió que no sabía — she told me that she didn't know, she replied that she didn't know

le respondí que sí — I said yes

* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

1)

a) ( contestar) to reply, answer, respond (frml)

respondió con una evasiva — he gave an evasive reply

respondió afirmativamente — she said yes, she responded in the affirmative (frml)

responder A algo — to reply to something, to answer something, to respond to something (frml)

b) ( replicar) to answer back

2) ( reaccionar) to respond

responder A algo — a amenaza/estímulo to respond to something

no respondía a los mandos — it was not responding to o obeying the controls

responde al nombre de Kurt — he answers to the name of Kurt

3)

a) ( corresponder)

responder A algo: no responden a la descripción they do not answer the description; las cifras no responden a la realidad the figures do not reflect the true situation; responde a las exigencias actuales de seguridad — it meets present-day demands for safety

b) ( estar motivado por algo)

responder A algo: responde a la demanda actual it is a response to the current demand; su viaje respondía al deseo de verla — his trip was motivated by the desire to see her

4) ( responsabilizarse)

si ocurre algo yo no respondo — if anything happens I will not be held responsible

responder ante la justicia — to answer for one's acts in a court of law

responder DE algo: yo respondo de su integridad I will vouch for his integrity; no respondo de lo que hizo I am not responsible for what he did; yo respondo de que lo haga I will be responsible for ensuring that he does it; responder POR alguien — to vouch for somebody
2.
responder vt

a) ( contestar) to reply, answer, respond (frml)

respondió que no le interesaba — he replied that he was not interested

b) < pregunta> to answer

c) <llamada/carta> to answer, reply to, respond to (frml)

* * *

= answer, react, reply, counter, retaliate, elicit + answer, make + answer, develop + answer, answer back, rejoin.

Ex. The compilation of an author catalogue or index presents four basic questions which need to be answered.

Ex. This will cause the system to react differently to a request to renew an overdue document.

Ex. The computer replies by listing the numbers of documents in each subcommand, and places 10752 hits in set 1.

Ex. The president countered with the view that most people fall somewhere between Type A and Type B anyway, and that effective time management and Type B behavior are not mutually exclusive.

Ex. She retaliated with the view that time management techniques run counter to the ideal balance of concern for production coupled with concern for people.

Ex. A complete description of the community will elicit answers to questions like what demographic, physical y socio-economic features does the community possess?.

Ex. The director chuckled an evasive chuckle before she made answer.

Ex. This was considered adequate to develop answers to the initial research questions = Se consideró que esto era adecuado para dar respuesta a los objetivos iniciales del proyecto.

Ex. He began swearing and saying 'I don't know what you're on about, whatever we do, it's wrong!' and of course I answered his nastiness back.

Ex. And he rejoined: "Do as you please".

----

* intentar responder a una pregunta = pursue + question.

* La Biblioteca Responde = Ask the Library.

* por favor, responda = RSVP [R.S.V.P.].

* pregunta difícil de responder = awkward-to-handle enquiry.

* que se puede responder = answerable.

* responder (a) = respond (to).

* responder a preguntas = entertain + questions.

* responder a una invitación = RSVP.

* responder a una necesidad = address + need.

* responder a una pregunta = field + question.

* responder a una situación = respond to + situation.

* responder a un comentario = field + comment.

* responder de = vouch (for).

* responder de Algo = be held to account.

* responder evasivamente = hedge + Posesivo + answer.

* responder favorablemente = respond + favourably.

* responder la cuestión = get behind + the question.

* responder lento = be slow off the mark, be slow off the blocks.

* responder positivamente = respond + favourably.

* responder preguntas = take + questions.

* responder rápidamente = shoot back.

* responder rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.

* responder una pregunta = dispatch + question, answer + question.

* respondiendo a = be responsive to.

* sin responder = unanswered.

* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

1)

a) ( contestar) to reply, answer, respond (frml)

respondió con una evasiva — he gave an evasive reply

respondió afirmativamente — she said yes, she responded in the affirmative (frml)

responder A algo — to reply to something, to answer something, to respond to something (frml)

b) ( replicar) to answer back

2) ( reaccionar) to respond

responder A algo — a amenaza/estímulo to respond to something

no respondía a los mandos — it was not responding to o obeying the controls

responde al nombre de Kurt — he answers to the name of Kurt

3)

a) ( corresponder)

responder A algo: no responden a la descripción they do not answer the description; las cifras no responden a la realidad the figures do not reflect the true situation; responde a las exigencias actuales de seguridad — it meets present-day demands for safety

b) ( estar motivado por algo)

responder A algo: responde a la demanda actual it is a response to the current demand; su viaje respondía al deseo de verla — his trip was motivated by the desire to see her

4) ( responsabilizarse)

si ocurre algo yo no respondo — if anything happens I will not be held responsible

responder ante la justicia — to answer for one's acts in a court of law

responder DE algo: yo respondo de su integridad I will vouch for his integrity; no respondo de lo que hizo I am not responsible for what he did; yo respondo de que lo haga I will be responsible for ensuring that he does it; responder POR alguien — to vouch for somebody
2.
responder vt

a) ( contestar) to reply, answer, respond (frml)

respondió que no le interesaba — he replied that he was not interested

b) < pregunta> to answer

c) <llamada/carta> to answer, reply to, respond to (frml)

* * *

= answer, react, reply, counter, retaliate, elicit + answer, make + answer, develop + answer, answer back, rejoin.

Ex: The compilation of an author catalogue or index presents four basic questions which need to be answered.

Ex: This will cause the system to react differently to a request to renew an overdue document.

Ex: The computer replies by listing the numbers of documents in each subcommand, and places 10752 hits in set 1.

Ex: The president countered with the view that most people fall somewhere between Type A and Type B anyway, and that effective time management and Type B behavior are not mutually exclusive.

Ex: She retaliated with the view that time management techniques run counter to the ideal balance of concern for production coupled with concern for people.

Ex: A complete description of the community will elicit answers to questions like what demographic, physical y socio-economic features does the community possess?.

Ex: The director chuckled an evasive chuckle before she made answer.

Ex: This was considered adequate to develop answers to the initial research questions = Se consideró que esto era adecuado para dar respuesta a los objetivos iniciales del proyecto.

Ex: He began swearing and saying 'I don't know what you're on about, whatever we do, it's wrong!' and of course I answered his nastiness back.

Ex: And he rejoined: "Do as you please".

* intentar responder a una pregunta = pursue + question.

* La Biblioteca Responde = Ask the Library.

* por favor, responda = RSVP [R.S.V.P.].

* pregunta difícil de responder = awkward-to-handle enquiry.

* que se puede responder = answerable.

* responder (a) = respond (to).

* responder a preguntas = entertain + questions.

* responder a una invitación = RSVP.

* responder a una necesidad = address + need.

* responder a una pregunta = field + question.

* responder a una situación = respond to + situation.

* responder a un comentario = field + comment.

* responder de = vouch (for).

* responder de Algo = be held to account.

* responder evasivamente = hedge + Posesivo + answer.

* responder favorablemente = respond + favourably.

* responder la cuestión = get behind + the question.

* responder lento = be slow off the mark, be slow off the blocks.

* responder positivamente = respond + favourably.

* responder preguntas = take + questions.

* responder rápidamente = shoot back.

* responder rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.

* responder una pregunta = dispatch + question, answer + question.

* respondiendo a = be responsive to.

* sin responder = unanswered.

* * *

responder [E1 ]

vi

A

1 (contestar) to reply, answer, respond ( frml)

respondió con una evasiva he gave an evasive reply

respondió afirmativamente/negativamente she said yes/no, she gave a positive/negative reply, she responded in the affirmative/negative ( frml)

responder A algo to reply TO sth, to answer sth, to respond TO sth ( frml)

no respondieron a mis cartas they didn't reply to o respond to o answer my letters

la hembra responde a este reclamo the female responds to o answers this call

2 (replicar) to answer back

B (reaccionar) to respond

mis amigos no respondieron como había esperado my friends didn't respond as I had hoped

el motor no respondió the engine didn't respond

responder A algo ‹a una amenaza/un estímulo/un ruego› to respond TO sth

no respondió al tratamiento she didn't respond to the treatment

respondió a estos insultos con una sonrisa he responded to o answered these insults with a smile

no respondía a los mandos it was not responding to o obeying the controls

el perro responde al nombre de Kurt the dog answers to the name of Kurt

C

1 (corresponder) responder A algo:

responde al estereotipo del estudiante radical he corresponds to o matches the stereotype of the radical student

no responden a la descripción they do not fit o answer the description

las cifras no responden a la realidad the figures do not reflect the true situation o do not correspond to reality

responde a las actuales exigencias de confort y seguridad it meets present-day demands for comfort and safety

2 responder A algo

(estar motivado por algo): responde a la necesidad de controlar esta escalada it is a response o an answer to the need to control this escalation

su viaje respondía al deseo de conocerlos personalmente her trip was motivated by the desire to get to know them personally

D

(responsabilizarse): si ocurre algo yo no respondo I will not be held responsible o I refuse to accept responsibility if anything happens

tendrán que responder ante la justicia they will have to answer for their acts in a court of law

responder DE algo:

yo respondo de su integridad I will vouch for his integrity

su tío respondió de las deudas her uncle took responsibility for her debts

no respondo de lo que haya hecho mi hijo I will not answer for o be answerable for o be held responsible for what my son may have done

responder DE QUE + SUBJ:

yo respondo de que se presente en comisaría I will take responsibility for ensuring that he reports to the police

responder POR algn to vouch FOR sb

■ responder

vt

1 (contestar) to reply, answer, respond ( frml)

respondió que no le interesaba he replied that he was not interested

2 ‹pregunta› to answer

3 ‹llamada/carta› to answer, reply to, respond to ( frml)

* * *

responder ( conjugate responder) verbo intransitivo
1
a) ( contestar) to reply, answer, respond (frml);

◊ respondió con una evasiva he gave an evasive reply

b) ( replicar) to answer back

2 ( reaccionar) to respond;
responder A algo ‹a amenaza/estímulo› to respond to sth
3 ( corresponder):
◊ no responden a la descripción they do not answer the description;

las cifras no responden a la realidad the figures do not reflect the true situation
4 ( responsabilizarse):
◊ si ocurre algo, yo no respondo if anything happens I will not be held responsible;

responder ante la justicia to answer for one's acts in a court of law;
yo respondo de su integridad I will vouch for his integrity;
no respondo de lo que hizo I am not responsible for what he did;
responder POR algn to vouch for sb
verbo transitivo
a) ( contestar) to reply, answer

b) ‹ pregunta› to answer

c) ‹llamada/carta› to answer, reply to

responder
I verbo transitivo to answer, reply
II verbo intransitivo
1 (a una acción, pregunta, etc) to answer, reply: respondió con evasivas, he didn't give a straight answer, nunca responde a mis cartas, she never answers my letters
2 (a un tratamiento, estímulo, etc) to respond
3 (de un error o falta) to pay for: el asesino debe responder de sus crímenes, the murderer must pay for his crimes
4 (por una persona) to vouch for: yo respondo de su inocencia, I will vouch for his innocence
5 (de un acto, de una cosa) to be responsible for, to answer for: yo no puedo responder de sus actos, I can't take responsibility for his actions
6 (un negocio) to go well
7 (una cosa a otra) to correspond: los resultados no respondieron a las expectativas, the results didn't fulfil the expectations
' responder' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
cable
- enredarse
- enrollarse
- vacilar
- concluyente
English:
account for
- answer
- answer back
- answer for
- definitive
- give
- guideline
- handle
- parting
- reply
- respond
- retaliate
- shoot back
- vouch
- acknowledge
- attempt
- counter
- fit
- pattern
- perform

* * *

responder

♦ vt
[contestar] to answer; [con insolencia] to answer back;
respondió que sí/que no she said yes/no;

respondió que lo pensaría she said that she'd think about it

♦ vi

1. [contestar]
responder (a algo) [pregunta, llamada, carta, saludo] to answer (sth);

no responde nadie [al llamar] there's no answer;

responde al nombre de Toby he answers to the name of Toby

2. [replicar] to answer back;

¡no respondas a tu madre! don't answer your mother back!

3. [reaccionar] to respond (a to);
el paciente no responde al tratamiento the patient isn't responding to the treatment;

la nueva máquina responde bien the new machine is performing well;

los mandos no (me) responden the controls aren't responding;

el delantero no respondió a las provocaciones de su marcador the forward didn't react to his marker's attempts to provoke him

4. [responsabilizarse]
si te pasa algo yo no respondo I can't be held responsible if anything happens to you;

responder de algo/por alguien to answer for sth/for sb;

yo respondo de su inocencia/por él I can vouch for his innocence/for him;

responderá de sus actos ante el parlamento she will answer for her actions before Parliament;

¡no respondo de mis actos! I can't be responsible for what I might do!;

yo no respondo de lo que pueda pasar si se autoriza la manifestación I won't be held responsible for what might happen if the demonstration is authorized

5. [corresponder]
las medidas responden a la crisis the measures are in keeping with the nature of the crisis;

un producto que responde a las necesidades del consumidor medio a product which meets the needs of the average consumer;

no ha respondido a nuestras expectativas it hasn't lived up to our expectations

6. [ser consecuencia de]
responder a algo to reflect sth;

las largas listas de espera responden a la falta de medios the long waiting lists reflect the lack of resources

* * *

responder

I v/t answer

II v/i

1

:

responder a answer, reply to; MED respond to; descripción fit, match; ( ser debido a) be due to;

responder al nombre de … answer to the name of …

2

:

responder de take responsibility for

3

:

responder por alguien vouch for s.o.

* * *

responder vt

: to answer

responder vi

1) : to answer, to reply, to respond

2)

responder a : to respond to

responder al tratamiento: to respond to treatment

3)

responder de : to answer for, to vouch for (something)

4)

responder por : to vouch for (someone)

* * *

responder vb

1. (pregunta, teléfono, etc) to answer

responde a la pregunta answer the question

2. (carta) to answer / to reply [pt. & pp. replied]

no ha respondido a mis cartas he hasn't replied to my letters

3. (reaccionar) to respond

el paciente responde a la medicación the patient is responding to the medicine

Spanish-English dictionary > responder
4 close

̈ɪkləus I
1. сущ.
1) а) огороженное место б) брит. огороженное поле( в центральных районах Англии) в) (Close) название школьной площадки (в некоторых школах)
2) а) территория вокруг или около здания( обыкн. закрытая, огороженная другими постройками) ;
двор б) преим. брит. территория, прилегающая к собору;
иногда соборное духовенство
3) а) преим. брит. проход, ведущий с улицы во двор к лестнице многоквартирного дома б) тупик (часто в названиях улиц-тупиков) Longwood Close ≈ тупик Лонгвуд Syn: cul-de-sac
2. прил.
1) а) закрытый I've brought a close carriage for him. ≈ Я достал ему закрытую коляску. Syn: closed, shut
2. б) фон. закрытый (гласный) в) закрытый (для доступа широкой публики, для охоты)
2) замкнутый;
ограниченный, узкий The space contained close alleys and open walks. ≈ Пространство включало узкие аллеи и открытые места для прогулок. Syn: confined, narrow
1.
3) заключенный( в тюрьму и т. п.), строго охраняемый;
строгий( о тюремном или подобном заключении) Captain is in close arrest. ≈ Капитан находится под строгим арестом.
4) скрытый, секретный, тайный;
уединенный, скрытый от глаз to keep a thing close ≈ держать что-л. в секрете to keep close, lie close ≈ прятаться Syn: concealed, occult
1., secret
2., hidden;
secluded
5) душный, удушливый, спертый The air in this room is very close. ≈ В этой комнате очень спертый воздух. Syn: stuffy, suffocating, stagnant, unventilated;
muggy, humid, stifling
6) скрытный, замкнутый, сдержанный, молчаливый He was too close to name his circumstances to me. ≈ Он был слишком замкнутым человеком, чтобы рассказать мне о своих обстоятельствах. to keep oneself close ≈ держаться замкнуто Syn: reserved, reticent, uncommunicative
7) скупой, скаредный He's as close with his money as Scrooge. ≈ Он такой же скупой, как Скрудж. Syn: stingy, miserly, tight
1., tight-fisted, close-fisted, penurious, parsimonious, niggardly
1., penny-pinching, ungenerous, grudging
8) плотный;
компактный;
густой;
сжатый, убористый( о почерке, стиле) Living in such close quarters makes privacy difficult. ≈ Проживание в такой густонаселенной квартире мешает личной жизни. The fabric was of a close weave. ≈ Это была плотная ткань. close print ≈ убористая печать Syn: congested, crowded, teeming, populous;
tight
1., cramped, confined, narrow
1., compressed;
dense, compact II
1., solid
1., impenetrable, impermeable
9) а) близкий (о времени и месте) ;
близко расположенный The house is close to the park. ≈ Дом расположен рядом с парком. The migration of the ducks southward showed that winter was close. ≈ Перелет уток на юг показывает, что зима на носу. close column ≈ сомкнутая колонна to get to close quarters ≈ сблизиться, подойти на близкую дистанцию close attack ≈ наступление с ближней дистанции close defence ≈ непосредственное охранение Syn: near
1., neighbouring, approximate
1., imminent, impending>, forthcoming
2., nigh
1. б) кино крупный (план)
10) плотно облегающий;
хорошо пригнанный( об одежде) Syn: close-fitting
11) близкий, интимный;
неразлучный close friend ≈ близкий друг The two brothers are very close. ≈ Два брата очень близки. Syn: attached, friendly
1.,intimate I
2., familiar
1., loving, devoted;
inseparable
12) близкий, схожий;
почти равный( о соревновании, шансах на победу) The color is close to what I want, but the style is wrong. ≈ Цвет очень близок к тому, что я хочу, но фасон мне не нравится. The resemblance is very close and very strange. ≈ Сходство очень сильное и очень странное. close translation ≈ очень близкий перевод It was a close race. ≈ Это были почти равные скачки. Syn: near
1., similar, akin, almost like, almost alike, much the same as, resembling;
well-matched, nearly even, nearly equal
13) внимательный;
тщательный;
подробный Keep a close watch on the children. ≈ Внимательно следите за детьми. close reading ≈ внимательное, медленное чтение close investigation ≈ подробное обследование Syn: intense, intent
2., watchful, careful, attentive, vigilant, keen I, thorough
1., strict, minute III, searching
14) короткий;
коротко постриженный A straight razor gives a close shave. ≈ Прямая бритва бреет очень гладко. a close haircut ≈ короткая стрижка Syn: near to the skin, smooth
1., trim
2., neat I, short
1. ∙ by a close shave
3. нареч.
1) близко, рядом, около;
рядом с (чем-л./кем-л. - to, on, upon, about, beside, behind, below, in и т. д.) to follow close behind the man ≈ следовать непосредственно за этим человеком to stand close against the wall ≈ стоять около стены to come closer together ≈ подойти ближе друг к другу Come close so I can see you. ≈ Подойди и стань рядом, чтобы я мог тебя увидеть. We were close to when it happened. ≈ Мы были рядом, когда это случилось. close at hand Syn: near
2., nearby
2., near at hand, thereabout, in proximity
2) почти He ran me very close. ≈ Он почти догнал меня. close on Syn: almost, nearly
3) коротко (о стрижке волос, о подстриженной траве) to cut one's hair close ≈ коротко постричься close cropped ≈ коротко остриженный II
1. сущ.
1) завершение, заключение, конец, окончание at the close of the day ≈ в конце дня towards the close of the 19th century ≈ к концу 19 века The day had reached its close. ≈ День подошел к концу. The crowd began to leave before the close of the game. ≈ Народ начал уходить перед окончанием игры. bring to a close ≈ довести до конца, завершить, закончить Syn: end 1, finish
1., conclusion, termination, wind-up I, completion;
closing
1., ending
1., finale
2) муз. каденция;
каданс
3) объединение, соединение the close of earth and sky ≈ объединение земли и неба Syn: union, junction
4) архаич. столкновение;
борьба Syn: grapple
1., struggle
1., encounter
1.
2. гл.
1) а) закрывать Close the door tightly. ≈ Закрой плотно дверь. to close the eyes ≈ закрыть глаза б) закрываться Many flowers open in the morning and close at night. ≈ Многие цветы утром распускаются, а вечером закрываются. ∙ Syn: shut
1., secure
2.
2) затыкать, заделывать;
забивать, заполнять The handyman closed the hole in the wall with plaster. ≈ Рабочий заделал дыру в стене штукатуркой. Syn: close up, stop up, stop
2., fill
1., stuff, clog, plug
3) ограничивать;
препятствовать, блокировать;
запирать;
заключать( куда-л., во что-л.) The stableboy closed the horse in the stall. ≈ Помощник конюха закрыл лошадь в стойле. Syn: shut in, shut up, confine
2., pen in, enclose, pen II
2., coop up, blockade
2., block
2., obstruct, seal off
4) а) кончать, заканчивать to close a discussion ≈ прекратить обсуждение The pianist closed the concert with a Gershwin medley. ≈ Пианист завершил концерт исполнением попурри из Гершвина. б) прекращаться, заканчиваться Schools closed for the Christmas holiday. ≈ Школы закрылись на Рождественские каникулы. ∙ Syn: end
2., finish
2., conclude, terminate, stop
2., halt I
2., cease
1., wind up;
adjourn, recess
2., suspend, discontinue, leave off, break off, shut down в) бирж. завершиться каким-л. курсом (о торгах на бирже)
5) а) соединять, объединять The surgeon closed the two edges of the incision with surgical thread. ≈ Хирург соединил края разреза хирургической ниткой. Syn: join
1., link
2., connect, couple
2., unite б) электр. замыкать (цепь) Syn: fuse I
2.
6) а) подходить близко;
сближаться вплотную The soldiers closed ranks. ≈ Солдаты сдвинули ряды. The men closed round him. ≈ Люди столпились вокруг него. б) войти в ближний бой, схватиться в рукопашной;
войти в соприкосновение( с противником) ∙ close about close down close in close in on close off close out close round close up close upon close with be closed with огороженное стеной место (около дома или деревни) - breaking smb.'s * нарушение границы чужого земельного участка соборная площадь, площадь вокруг собора;
территория, обыкн. огороженная (включает постройки, сад) площадка для игр( при школе) (шотландское) ход со двора, проход к лестнице многоквартирного дома тупик (улица) закрытый - * carriage закрытый экипаж - * vowel (фонетика) закрытый гласный закрытый;
ограниченный;
замкнутый - * season время, когда охота запрещена;
охотничий сезон закрыт - * terrain (топография) закрытая местность - * competition закрытый конкурс замкнутый, уединенный - to keep oneself * держаться замкнуто;
жить уединенно тайный, скрытый - * intent тайное намерение - to lie * прятаться - to keep smth. * держать в секрете, скрывать - to say smth. in *st confidence сказать строго конфиденциально скрытный, сдержанный( о человеке) - he was too * about his past life он скрывал свое прошлое строго охраняемый - * arrest строгий арест - * cell особо охраняемая тюремная камера - to keep in * confinement содержать в строгом заключении - as * as an oyster умеет держать язык за зубами закрывать - to * a door закрыть дверь - this road is *d to heavy motor traffic для грузового транспорта эта дорога закрыта - to * a hole заткнуть отверстие - to * a gap заполнить пробел;
(спортивное) сократить разрыв;
(военное) ликвидировать прорыв - to * a drawer задвинуть ящик (стола) закрываться - the window won't * окно не закрывается - the shops * at six магазины закрываются в шесть часов - the wound *d рана закрылась - the play *d after ten performances после десяти представлений пьеса сошла со сцены (электротехника) замыкать (цепь) (морское) задраивать - to * one's doors не допускать, не впускать;
закрыть предприятие - to * the country's doors to immigrants не допускать иммиграции в страну - he had to * his doors for lack of trade он закрыл свое дело из-за отсутствия заказов - to * the door отрезать путь - his attitude *d the door to further negotiations его позиция отрезала путь к дальнейшим переговорам - to * one's parent's eyes закрыть глаза родителю, присутствовать при смерти родителя - to * smb.'s eye подбить глаз - to * one's ear пропускать мимо ушей;
быть глухим - to * one's mouth держать язык за зубами, помалкивать - to * one's purse отказать в деньгах конец;
заключение, завершение - at the * of one's days в конце жизни - day has reached its * день кончился - to bring to a * закончить, завершить;
довести до конца - to draw to a * приближаться к концу закрытие, окончание работы - at the * of the exchange при закрытии биржи - * price( коммерческое) окончательная цена( музыкальное) каданс заканчивать, завершать;
заключать - to * a speech заключить речь - to * a meeting закрыть собрание - to * a subscription list прекратить подписку - to * an account( финансовое) закрыть счет заканчиваться;
завершаться - the meeting *d with a speech by the president собрание завершилось выступлением президента - his short life *d его короткая жизнь оборвалась договариваться - to * a bargain договориться, заключить сделку принять (предложение, условие) - I offered him six pounds and he *d with it я предложил ему шесть фунтов, и он согласился - the two ministers did not * with each other два министра не смогли договориться между собой( биржевое) иметь цену или курс на момент закрытия биржи - that stock *d last night at ten dollars на момент закрытия биржи вчера вечером эти акции стоили десять долларов( военное) войти в соприкосновение - the order was given to * with the enemy дан приказ войти в соприкосновение с противником - to * one's days окончить дни свои, умереть близкий;
находящийся или расположенный недалеко - * proximity непосредственная близость - * combat( военное) ближний бой - * reconnaissance( военное) ближняя разведка - * support( военное) непосредственная поддержка - * fighting бой с ближней дистанции (бокс) - the house is * to the station дом находится близко от вокзала близкий, интимный - he is a * friend of mine он мой большой друг тесный, близкий - * contact тесный контакт - * co-operation тесное сотрудничество;
(военное) непосредственное взаимодействие - there's a * resemblance between them между ними большое сходство плотный, компактный;
тесный - * texture плотная ткань - * thicket густая чаща - to sew with * stitches шить мелкими стежками - * timber( горное) сплошная крепь - * formation( военное) сомкнутый строй - * march( военное) движение в сомкнутом строю - * finish финиширование в тесной группе участников (велоспорт) - * planting загущенный посев, загущенная посадка( растений) - * stand густое стояние;
сомкнутость полога (леса) хорошо пригнанный;
плотный - * lid плотно закрывающаяся крышка - * bonnet плотно сидящая на голове шапочка - * fit (техническое) плотная пригонка облегающий (об одежде) сжатый (о стиле) краткий и содержательный - * statement лаконичное заявление убористый (о почерке) - * print убористая печать, плотный набор душный, спертый - * air спертый воздух - * day душный день - a spell of * weather период летний духоты тщательный;
подробный - * investigation тщательное расследование - * analysis подробный анализ - * attention пристальное внимание - * check( техническое) строгий контроль точный - * translation точный перевод срезанный низко, коротко, до корня - * haircut короткая стрижка - * mowing низкий срез( травы, хлебов) скупой, скаредный - he is * with his money он скуповат почти равный( о шансах) - * combat состязание, в котором силы участвующих почти равны;
состязание достойных соперников;
упорная борьба на выборах - * vote почти равное количество голосов "за" и "против" - * district (американизм) избирательный округ, в котором победа одержана незначительным большинством( разговорное) трудно достающийся, ограниченный (о средствах) - money is * деньги достаются нелегко( разговорное) скуповатый строго логичный - * reasoning логичное рассуждение( устаревшее) строгий, суровый - * mourning глубокий траур( редкое) вязкий;
нелетучий( спортивное) осторожный( о футболе и т. п.) (кинематографический) крупный - * shot крупный план близко - * at hand близко, рядом, под рукой;
рукой подать - to follow smb. * следовать за кем-л. по пятам - the end of the year is drawing * приближается конец года - * to the wind (морское) в крутой бейдевинд коротко - to cut one's hair * коротко подстричься в сочетаниях: - * by рядом - * on приблизительно, около, почти - * to около - to sit * to the fire сидеть около камина - to stick * to the text строго придерживаться текста - * upon приблизительно, около, почти - * upon two hundred people около двухсот человек - to press smb. * обращаться сурово - * to home не в бровь, а в глаз - the speaker's remarks hit * to home замечания оратора попали в самую точку подходить близко, сближаться, смыкаться - the ship sank and the water *d over it корабль затонул, и воды сомкнулись над ним (спортивное) (военное) сомкнуть( ряды) - to * the ranks сомкнуть ряды;
сплотиться, объединиться - we must * the ranks to secure peace мы должны сплотиться, чтобы обеспечить мир (by) a ~ shave на волосок от (by) a ~ shave с минимальным преимуществом ~ конец, завершение, окончание;
to bring to a close довести до конца, завершить, закончить bring to a ~ вчт. завершать close без пропусков, пробелов;
связный ~ близкий, интимный;
close friend близкий друг ~ близкий (о времени и месте) ;
тесный;
close contact тесный контакт ~ близкий ~ близко;
close up поблизости;
close on почти, приблизительно;
there were close on a hundred people present присутствовало почти сто человек ~ внимательный;
тщательный;
подробный;
close investigation подробное обследование;
close reading внимательное, медленное чтение ~ договариваться ~ завершать ~ завершение ~ завершение кредитного соглашения ~ завершение сделки ~ заканчивать(ся) ;
заключать (речь и т. п.) ;
to close a discussion прекратить обсуждение ~ заканчивать ~ заключать ~ заключение ~ закрывать(ся) ;
кончать (торговлю, занятия) ~ вчт. закрывать ~ закрывать ~ закрываться ~ закрытие ~ закрытие биржи ~ закрытие бухгалтерских книг в конце учетного периода ~ закрытый ~ вчт. закрыть ~ замкнутый, молчаливый, скрытный;
to keep oneself close держаться замкнуто ~ замкнутый ~ эл. замыкать (цепь) ;
close about окутывать;
окружать ~ иметь определенный курс на момент закрытия биржи ~ муз. каденция;
каданс ~ компактный ~ конец, завершение, окончание;
to bring to a close довести до конца, завершить, закончить ~ конец ~ кончать ~ коротко;
close cropped коротко остриженный;
to cut one's hair close коротко постричься ~ облегающий (об одежде) ;
хорошо пригнанный;
точно соответствующий ~ огороженное место (часто вокруг собора) ~ ограниченный ~ окончание работы ~ плотный;
густой (о лесе) ;
close texture плотная ткань ~ плотный ~ подробный ~ подходить близко;
сближаться вплотную ~ почти;
he ran me very close он почти догнал меня ~ почти равный (о шансах) ~ почти равный ~ прекращение ~ сжатый (о почерке, стиле) ;
close print убористая печать ~ скупой;
he is close with his money он скуповат ~ спертый, душный ~ строгий (об аресте, изоляции) ~ строго охраняемый ~ тайный ~ точный;
close translation точный перевод ~ точный ~ тщательный ~ уединенный;
скрытый;
to keep a thing close держать (что-л.) в секрете;
to keep (или to lie) close прятаться ~ хорошо пригнанный ~ школьная площадка ~ заканчивать(ся) ;
заключать (речь и т. п.) ;
to close a discussion прекратить обсуждение ~ эл. замыкать (цепь) ;
close about окутывать;
окружать to get to ~ quarters сблизиться, подойти на близкую дистанцию;
close attack воен. наступление с ближней дистанции ~ call амер. на волосок от;
close contest упорная борьба на выборах;
close vote почти равное деление голосов ~ column сомкнутая колонна;
close order сомкнутый строй column: ~ воен. колонна;
амер. мор. строй кильватера;
close column сомкнутая колонна;
in column в колонне, в затылок;
амер. мор. в строю кильватера ~ близкий (о времени и месте) ;
тесный;
close contact тесный контакт ~ call амер. на волосок от;
close contest упорная борьба на выборах;
close vote почти равное деление голосов ~ коротко;
close cropped коротко остриженный;
to cut one's hair close коротко постричься ~ defence непосредственное охранение ~ district амер. избирательный округ, где победа на выборах одержана незначительным большинством ~ down мор. задраивать ~ down закрывать (предприятие) ;
прекращать работу ~ down закрывать ~ down ликвидировать предприятие ~ down подавлять ~ down прекращать работу ~ down применять репрессии;
подавлять ~ близкий, интимный;
close friend близкий друг ~ in окружать, огораживать ~ in приближаться;
наступать ~ in сокращаться (о днях) ;
close on приходить к соглашению;
close round окружать ~ внимательный;
тщательный;
подробный;
close investigation подробное обследование;
close reading внимательное, медленное чтение ~ of financial year конец финансового года ~ of pleadings прекращение обмена состязательными бумагами ~ of polling прекращение процедуры голосования ~ of year конец года ~ близко;
close up поблизости;
close on почти, приблизительно;
there were close on a hundred people present присутствовало почти сто человек ~ in сокращаться (о днях) ;
close on приходить к соглашению;
close round окружать ~ upon = ~ on;
~ with вступать в борьбу ~ upon = ~ on;
~ with принимать предложение, заключать сделку to ~ one's days умереть;
to close the door (on smth.) положить конец обсуждению (чего-л.) ;
сделать( что-л.) невозможным day: his ~ is gone его время прошло, окончилась его счастливая пора;
his days are numbered дни его сочтены;
to close (или to end) one's days окончить дни свои;
скончаться;
покончить счеты с жизнью ~ column сомкнутая колонна;
close order сомкнутый строй order: ~ воен. строй, боевой порядок;
close (extended) order сомкнутый (расчлененный) строй ~ out закрывать свое предприятие ~ out исключать ~ out исключать возможность ~ out ликвидировать ценные бумаги ~ out продавать ~ сжатый (о почерке, стиле) ;
close print убористая печать ~ внимательный;
тщательный;
подробный;
close investigation подробное обследование;
close reading внимательное, медленное чтение reading: ~ чтение;
close reading внимательное чтение ~ in сокращаться (о днях) ;
close on приходить к соглашению;
close round окружать ~ season время, когда запрещена охота или рыбная ловля season: close ~ закрытый сезон ~ плотный;
густой (о лесе) ;
close texture плотная ткань to ~ one's days умереть;
to close the door (on smth.) положить конец обсуждению (чего-л.) ;
сделать (что-л.) невозможным door: door дверь;
дверца;
дверной проем;
front door парадный вход;
to close the door ((up) on smb.) закрыть (за кем-л.) дверь ~ перен. путь, дорога;
a door to success путь к успеху;
to close the door (to (или upon) smth.) отрезать путь (к чему-л.) ;
сделать (что-л.) невозможным;
to open a door (to (или for) smth.) открыть путь (к чему-л.) ;
~ точный;
close translation точный перевод ~ близко;
close up поблизости;
close on почти, приблизительно;
there were close on a hundred people present присутствовало почти сто человек ~ up заканчивать ~ up закрывать ~ up закрываться (о ране) ~ up ликвидировать ~ up сомкнуть ряды ~ upon = ~ on;
~ with вступать в борьбу ~ upon = ~ on;
~ with принимать предложение, заключать сделку ~ call амер. на волосок от;
close contest упорная борьба на выборах;
close vote почти равное деление голосов ~ upon = ~ on;
~ with вступать в борьбу ~ upon = ~ on;
~ with принимать предложение, заключать сделку ~ коротко;
close cropped коротко остриженный;
to cut one's hair close коротко постричься to get to ~ quarters сблизиться, подойти на близкую дистанцию;
close attack воен. наступление с ближней дистанции ~ скупой;
he is close with his money он скуповат ~ почти;
he ran me very close он почти догнал меня ~ уединенный;
скрытый;
to keep a thing close держать (что-л.) в секрете;
to keep (или to lie) close прятаться ~ уединенный;
скрытый;
to keep a thing close держать (что-л.) в секрете;
to keep (или to lie) close прятаться ~ замкнутый, молчаливый, скрытный;
to keep oneself close держаться замкнуто ~ близко;
close up поблизости;
close on почти, приблизительно;
there were close on a hundred people present присутствовало почти сто человек

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > close
5 asistencia

f.

1 assistance (ayuda).

asistencia letrada o jurídica legal advice

asistencia jurídica de oficio legal aid

asistencia médica medical attention

asistencia pública social security

asistencia sanitaria health care

asistencia social social work

asistencia técnica technical assistance

2 attendance (presencia) (acción).

3 attendance (afluencia).

4 assist (sport).

5 help, aid, cooperation, assistance.

6 nursing.

7 fee for attendance in court.

* * *

asistencia

► nombre femenino

1 (presencia) attendance, presence

■ el presidente aún no ha confirmado su asistencia the president's attendance has not yet been confirmed

■ la reunión contó con la asistencia de todos los ediles all the councillors were present at the meeting

2 (público) audience

■ hubo mucha asistencia al concierto there was a large audience at the concert

3 (ayuda) assistance, help, aid

■ la Cruz Roja realizó una veintena de asistencias the Red Cross dealt with around twenty cases

4 DEPORTE (en baloncesto, fútbol) pass

► nombre femenino plural asistencias

1 (conjunto de personas) assistants, helpers

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

con la asistencia de (presencia) in the presence of 2 (ayuda) with the assistance of

asistencia económica financial aid

asistencia jurídica legal aid

asistencia médica medical assistance

asistencia social social assistance

asistencia técnica technical backup

falta de asistencia absence

* * *

noun f.

1) assistance, help

2) attendance

•

- asistencia médica
- asistencia sanitaria
- asistencia social
* * *

SF

1) (Escol etc) attendance (a at)
(Teat) audience
¿había mucha asistencia? — were there many people there?

2) (=ayuda) help, assistance; (Med) care, nursing; [en casa] domestic help

asistencia en carretera — roadside assistance

asistencia intensiva — intensive care

asistencia letrada — legal aid

asistencia médica — medical care

asistencia pública — Cono Sur public health authority

asistencia sanitaria — health care

asistencia social — welfare work, social work

asistencia técnica — technical support

3) Méx (=habitación) spare room, guest room, den (EEUU)

4) pl asistencias (Econ) allowance sing

* * *

femenino

1) ( presencia) attendance

asistencia a algo — attendance at something

2) (frml) ( ayuda) assistance

prestarle asistencia a alguien — to give somebody assistance

- asistencia en carretera

- asistencia médica

- asistencia pública

- asistencia sanitaria

- asistencia social

- asistencia técnica

3) (Dep) assist

* * *

= attendance, turnout, assist.

Nota: Utilizado en el deporte.

Ex. The teacher flipped over the document and examined her scored evaluations: all, except for attendance and punctuality, were in the low 70's, a devastatingly dramatic plunge from the former heights of her 97 to 99 scores.

Ex. The 48th US National Book Awards held in Nov 1997 attracted a record turnout of nearly 800 people.

Ex. Kristen Taylor leads Carolina with three goals and an assist.

----

* aprovechada de la asistencia social = welfare queen.

* asistencia a congreso = conference attendance.

* asistencia con invitación = invitational.

* asistencia médica = medical care, health care [healthcare], medical aid, medical assistance.

* asistencia por invitación = invitational.

* asistencia sanitaria = health care [healthcare], medical care, health care system, medical aid, medical assistance.

* asistencia social = social relief, welfare, social work, social casework.

* asistencia social para los mayores = elderly care, elder care [eldercare].

* asistencia técnica = technical assistance.

* ayuda de asistencia = attendance grant.

* ayuda de asistencia a congreso = conference attendance grant.

* beca de asistencia = attendance grant.

* beca de asistencia a congreso = conference attendance grant.

* centro de asistencia social = welfare facility.

* cifras de asistencia = attendance figures.

* falta de asistencia = lack of attendance, non-attendance.

* no asistencia = non-attendance.

* servicio de asistencia = provider service.

* servicios de asistencia = remedial services.

* sistema de asistencia sanitaria = health care system.

* teléfono de asistencia = help line, telephone help line.

* * *

femenino

1) ( presencia) attendance

asistencia a algo — attendance at something

2) (frml) ( ayuda) assistance

prestarle asistencia a alguien — to give somebody assistance

- asistencia en carretera

- asistencia médica

- asistencia pública

- asistencia sanitaria

- asistencia social

- asistencia técnica

3) (Dep) assist

* * *

= attendance, turnout, assist.

Nota: Utilizado en el deporte.

Ex: The teacher flipped over the document and examined her scored evaluations: all, except for attendance and punctuality, were in the low 70's, a devastatingly dramatic plunge from the former heights of her 97 to 99 scores.

Ex: The 48th US National Book Awards held in Nov 1997 attracted a record turnout of nearly 800 people.

Ex: Kristen Taylor leads Carolina with three goals and an assist.

* aprovechada de la asistencia social = welfare queen.

* asistencia a congreso = conference attendance.

* asistencia con invitación = invitational.

* asistencia médica = medical care, health care [healthcare], medical aid, medical assistance.

* asistencia por invitación = invitational.

* asistencia sanitaria = health care [healthcare], medical care, health care system, medical aid, medical assistance.

* asistencia social = social relief, welfare, social work, social casework.

* asistencia social para los mayores = elderly care, elder care [eldercare].

* asistencia técnica = technical assistance.

* ayuda de asistencia = attendance grant.

* ayuda de asistencia a congreso = conference attendance grant.

* beca de asistencia = attendance grant.

* beca de asistencia a congreso = conference attendance grant.

* centro de asistencia social = welfare facility.

* cifras de asistencia = attendance figures.

* falta de asistencia = lack of attendance, non-attendance.

* no asistencia = non-attendance.

* servicio de asistencia = provider service.

* servicios de asistencia = remedial services.

* sistema de asistencia sanitaria = health care system.

* teléfono de asistencia = help line, telephone help line.

* * *

asistencia

feminine

A (presencia) attendance asistencia A algo attendance AT sth

contamos con su asistencia a la recepción we are counting on your presence at the reception, we are relying on you to attend the reception

B ( frml) (ayuda) assistance

prestarle asistencia a algn to give sb assistance

Compuestos:

● asistencia en carretera

breakdown service

● asistencia médica

(servicio) medical care; (atención médica) medical attention

● asistencia pública

A (en RPI) (servicio) municipal health service ( esp for emergencies)

B (en Chi) (establecimiento) accident and emergency center*; (ambulancia) ambulance

● asistencia pública domicilaria

(en Esp) home-help service

● asistencia sanitaria

medical care

● asistencia social

university course/degree in social work

● asistencia técnica

( Com) after-sales service; ( Inf) technical support

C ( Dep) assist

* * *

asistencia sustantivo femenino
1 ( presencia) attendance;
asistencia a algo attendance at sth
2 (frml) ( ayuda) assistance;
◊ prestarle asistencia a algn to give sb assistance;

asistencia en carretera breakdown service;
asistencia médica ( servicio) medical care;

( atención médica) medical attention;
◊ asistencia pública ( en CS) municipal health service ( esp for emergencies);

asistencia técnica after-sales service
3 (Dep) assist
asistencia sustantivo femenino
1 (presencia) attendance: este niño tiene muchas faltas de asistencia, this boy has a lot of absences from school
2 (afluencia) audience, public
3 (ayuda, socorro) asistencia médica, medical assistance
asistencia social, social work
4 (baloncesto) assist
' asistencia' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
justificante
- sanitaria
- sanitario
- ayuda
- dispensar
- falta
- mutual
- servicio
English:
attendance
- caring professions
- figure on
- health care
- medical
- personal
- presence
- time clock
- turnout
- wave aside
- welfare
- welfare centre
- aid
- care
- health
- help
- home
- institution
- Medicaid
- Medicare
- national
- nursing
- once
- social
- time

* * *

asistencia nf

1. [ayuda] assistance;

prestar asistencia a alguien to give assistance to sb

Comp
asistencia en carretera breakdown service;
asistencia domiciliaria [de médico, enfermera] home visits;

asistencia a domicilio [de médico, enfermera] home visits;

asistencia jurídica legal advice;

asistencia jurídica de oficio legal aid;

asistencia letrada legal advice;

asistencia médica medical attention;

asistencia pública social security;

asistencia sanitaria health care;

asistencia social social work;

asistencia técnica technical assistance

2. [presencia] [acción] attendance;
[hecho] presence;
la asistencia a las prácticas de química es obligatoria attendance at chemistry practicals is compulsory;

el rey ha confirmado su asistencia a la ceremonia the king has confirmed that he will be attending the ceremony;

se ruega confirme su asistencia al acto [en invitación] please let us know whether you will be able to attend

3. [afluencia] attendance;

la asistencia a la manifestación fue muy pequeña the demonstration was very poorly attended, very few people turned out for the demonstration;

no se tienen datos precisos de asistencia we do not have an exact attendance figure

4. Dep assist

5.
las asistencias [en estadio] the paramedics, Br ≈ the St John Ambulance;
[en rally] the technical staff
6. Col, Méx [pensión] guesthouse

* * *

asistencia

f

1 ( ayuda) assistance;

asistencia a (los) ancianos home help (for the elderly)

2 a lugar attendance (a at);

récord de asistencia attendance record;

asistencia a las urnas voter turnout

3 DEP assist

* * *

asistencia nf

1) : attendance

2) : assistance

3) : assist (in sports)

* * *

asistencia n (presencia) attendance

la asistencia es obligatoria attendance is compulsory

el escritor ha confirmado su asistencia the writer has confirmed that he will attend

asistencia en carretera breakdown service

asistencia médica medical care

asistencia social social work

asistencia técnica after sales service

Spanish-English dictionary > asistencia
6 power

ˈpauə
1. сущ.
1) а) сила, мощь;
могущество Syn: strength, might, vigour, energy, force б) способность, возможность to develop one's powers ≈ развивать способности к чему-л. spending power speech power bargaining power earning power healing power purchasing power staying power supernatural powers Syn: facility, faculty, ability, property, capacity в) значение (слова в контексте)
2) а) сила (физическая), мощность, энергия, производительность to cut off, turn off the power ≈ прекратить подачу энергии to turn on the power ≈ обеспечить подачу энергии nuclear power ≈ атомная энергия, ядерная энергия by power without power electric power hydroelectric power mechanical powers б) физ. сила, мощность в) оптика оптическая сила линзы
3) а) власть;
держава the Great Powers ≈ великие державы They seized power over several provinces. ≈ Они захватили власть в нескольких провинциях. The president has the power to dissolve parliament. ≈ Президент имеет право распустить парламент. to assume, take, seize power ≈ прийти к власти, захватить власть to come into power ≈ прийти к власти to exercise, wield power ≈ обладать властью to transfer power ≈ передать власть кому-л. discretionary powers executive power political power supreme power government in power party in power power politics powers-that-be б) юр. полномочия, уполномоченность, право, полноправие power of attorney resulting powers war powers emergency powers Syn: jurisdiction, authority
4) а) сверхъестественное существо, божество;
шестой ранг ангелов в средневековой их классификации Syn: deity, divinity б) вооруженный отряд
5) разг. куча, множество, большое количество чего-л.
6) мат. степень eight is the third power of two ≈ восемь представляет собой два в третьей степени ∙ more power to your elbow! ≈ желаю успеха! the powers that be ≈ власти предержащие, сильные мира сего merciful powers! ≈ силы небесные!
2. гл.
1) а) приводить в действие или движение;
являться приводным двигателем This boat is powered with the latest improved model of our engine. ≈ На этой лодке установлена последняя модель нашего двигателя. б) питать (электро) энергией
2) а) двигаться на большой скорости, "лететь" б) мор. двигаться с помощью мотора, а не паруса
3) поддерживать, вдохновлять Syn: inspire ∙ power up сила;
мощь - the * of a blow сила удара - the great flood moving with majesty and * воды катились величественно и мощно - the country was at the height of her * страна находилась в расцвете своего могущества энергия;
мощность - electric * электроэнергия - lifting * подъемная сила - hydraulic * гидравлическая энергия, энергия воды - emitting * излучающая способность - atomic /nuclear/ * атомная /ядерная/ энергия - * engineering энергетика - * consumption потребление энергии;
расход мощности - * generation производство энергии - * (is) on прибор /аппарат, агрегат, двигатель и т. п./ включен - * cut /failure/ отключение /прекращение подачи/ (электро) энергии мощность;
производительность - rated /design/ * расчетная мощность - output * выходная мощность, мощность на выходе - * factor (электротехника) коэффициент мощности;
косинус фи - * augmentation форсаж, форсирование( двигателя) - to be on full * (техническое) работать на полную мощность( техническое) (профессионализм) двигатель;
машина, силовая установка - the mechanical *s простые машины - * feed механическая /автоматическая/ подача - * farming механизированное сельское хозяйство - by * механической силой, приводом от двигателя энергетика - electric * электроэнергетика могущество, сила, власть - absolute * абсолютная власть - a party in * правящая партия - the * of the law сила закона - the * of Congress власть Конгресса - the * of the keys папская власть - * of life and death право распоряжаться жизнью и смертью - to be in * быть /находиться/ у власти - to come /to rise/ to * прийти к власти - to take * взять власть - I am in your * я в вашей власти - it is not within my * это не в моей власти боги;
божественные силы - the *s of darkness /of evil/ силы тьмы;
темные силы - merciful *s! силы небесные! (юридическое) власть - legislative * законодательная власть - separation of *s разделение властей (законодательной, исполнительной и судебной) возможность - purchasing /buying/ * покупательная способность - to do all /everything/ in one's * сделать все возможное - to be beyond /out of/ one's * быть не под силу /не по силам/ - he did it to the best /to the utmost/ of his * он приложил максимум усилий (умственная или физическая) способность - * of movement двигательная способность - * of observation наблюдательность - mental *s умственные способности - he is a man of varied *s он наделен разными /многими/ способностями - his *s are failing его силы угасают - at the height of one's *s в расцвете сил - her *s of resistance are low у нее слабая сопротивляемость право, полномочие - large *s широкие полномочия - treaty-making * право заключения договоров - * of substitution( юридическое) право передоверия - delegation of * передача полномочий( юридическое) доверенность (тж. * of attorney) - a full * полная /общая/ доверенность - to furnish smb. with (a) full *(s) предоставить кому-л. полную доверенность (юридическое) дееспособность, правоспособность - * of testation правоспособность к совершению завещания - * of appointment( юридическое) право распоряжения имуществом (предоставляется лицу, не являющемуся его собственником) держава - the Great Powers великие державы - leading *s ведущие державы - small * малая держава - maritime * морская держава - occupying * оккупирующая держава (разговорное) (диалектизм) много, множество - it's done me a * of good это принесло мне огромную пользу - we saw a * of people мы видели множество людей (математика) степень - * equation( математика) степенное уравнение - 27 is the third * of 3 27 - это три в кубе (математика) порядок (кривой) (оптика) сила увеличения;
оптическая сила - the * of a lens сила увеличения линзы религиозный экстаз > the *s that be сильные мира сего, власть имущие;
(библеизм) власть предержащие приводить в действие или движение;
служить приводным двигателем снабжать силовым двигателем - boat *ed by outboard motor лодка с подвесным мотором питать (электро) энергией поддерживать;
вдохновлять - faith is goodness *s his life вера в добро освещает всю его жизнь air ~ могущество в воздухе, воздушная мощь ancillary ~ акцессорное право arbitrary ~ дискреционные полномочия autonomous ~ самоуправление bargaining ~ рыночная позиция bargaining ~ сила которой обладают стороны при переговорах blanket ~ полные полномочия buying ~ полномочия на совершение сделки ~ сила;
мощность, энергия;
производительность;
by power механической силой, приводом от двигателя colonial ~ колониальная держава commercial ~ торговая держава competitive ~ конкурентоспособность computational ~ вчт. вычислительные возможности computer ~ вычислительная мощность computer ~ вычислительный ресурс computer ~ вчт. производительность компьютера computing ~ вчт. вычислительные возможности conquering ~ завоевательная держава continental ~ континентальная держава data ~ эффективность данных decision-making ~ полномочие на принятие решений discretionary ~ дискреционная власть discretionary ~ дискреционные полномочия dispositive ~ юридические полномочия driving ~ движущая сила earning ~ возможность зарабатывать earning ~ доходность earning ~ прибыльность earning ~ способность приносить доход ~ мат. степень;
eight is the third power of two восемь представляет собой два в третьей степени engine ~ мощность двигателя excess purchasing ~ чрезмерная покупательная способность executive ~ исполнительная власть executive ~ исполнительные полномочия explanatory ~ полномочия давать объяснения expressive ~ выразительная сила financial ~ финансовая власть fiscal ~ финансовые полномочия foreign ~ иностранная держава general ~ общая компетенция general ~ общие полномочия general purchasing ~ всеобщая покупательная способность grant a ~ предоставлять полномочия grant a ~ уполномочивать great ~ великая держава ~ держава;
the Great Powers великие державы housekeeping ~ юр. право ведения домашнего хозяйства ~ способность;
возможность;
I will do all in my power я сделаю все, что в моих силах;
it is beyond my power это не в моей власти ~ способность;
возможность;
I will do all in my power я сделаю все, что в моих силах;
it is beyond my power это не в моей власти joint decision-making ~ совместное право принятия решений judicial ~ судебная власть land ~ военная мощь land ~ мощная военная держава legislative ~ законодательная власть machine ~ машинная мощность major ~ главная держава mandatory ~ государство-мандатарий mandatory ~ мандатные полномочия maritime ~ морская держава market ~ власть на рынке market ~ рыночная власть mechanical ~ механическая мощность without ~ с выключенным двигателем;
the mechanical powers простые машины the powers that be власти предержащие, сильные мира сего;
merciful powers! силы небесные! military ~ военная держава ~ politics политика с позиции силы;
more power to your elbow! желаю успеха! naval ~ морская держава nuclear ~ государство, обладающее атомным оружием nuclear ~ ядерная держава nuclear ~ ядерное государство occupying ~ оккупационная держава paternal ~ родительская власть placing ~ способность разместить ценные бумаги power власть ~ возможность ~ дееспособность ~ держава;
the Great Powers великие державы ~ держава ~ доверенность ~ компетенция ~ разг. много, множество;
a power of money куча денег;
a power of good много пользы ~ могущество, власть (тж. государственная) ;
влияние, мощь;
supreme power верховная власть;
the party in power партия, стоящая у власти ~ мощность ~ мощь ~ полномочие;
the power of attorney доверенность ~ полномочие ~ право ~ правоспособность ~ производительность ~ сила;
мощность, энергия;
производительность;
by power механической силой, приводом от двигателя ~ сила ~ опт. сила увеличения (линзы, микроскопа и т. п.) ~ снабжать силовым двигателем ~ способность, право, правомочие, полномочие, компетенция ~ способность;
возможность;
I will do all in my power я сделаю все, что в моих силах;
it is beyond my power это не в моей власти ~ способность ~ степень ~ мат. степень;
eight is the third power of two восемь представляет собой два в третьей степени ~ энергия ~ attr. силовой, энергетический;
моторный;
машинный ~ of appointment доверенность на распределение наследственного имущества ~ полномочие;
the power of attorney доверенность ~ of attorney доверенность ~ of attorney полномочие ~ of attorney concerning safe custody полномочие на хранение ценных бумаг в банковском сейфе ~ of attorney given for business purposes полномочие на ведение дел ~ of attorney to represent another person in court полномочия представлять в суде интересы другого лица ~ of codecisions полеомочия принимать совместные решения ~ of decisions право принимать решения ~ of discretion полномочия решать по собственному усмотрению ~ of eminent domain право государства на принудительное отчуждение частной собственности ~ разг. много, множество;
a power of money куча денег;
a power of good много пользы ~ of inquiry право подавать запрос ~ разг. много, множество;
a power of money куча денег;
a power of good много пользы ~ of procuration полномочие на ведение дел ~ of sale право продажи ~ of taxation право обложения налогом ~ of testation право на завещательное распоряжение ~ politics политика с позиции силы;
more power to your elbow! желаю успеха! ~ to coopt право кооптировать ~ to take decisions право принимать решения the powers that be власти предержащие, сильные мира сего;
merciful powers! силы небесные! prosecutorial ~ обвинительные полномочия protective ~ протекционистская держава pulling ~ привлекательность рекламы purchasing ~ покупательная сила purchasing ~ эк. покупательная способность purchasing ~ покупательная способность purchasing ~ покупательная способность денег raising to a ~ возведение в степень real purchasing ~ реальная покупательная способность regulatory ~ распорядительные полномочия sea ~ морская держава signatory ~ подписавшаяся страна signatory ~ страна, подписавшая документ spending ~ покупательная способность;
speech power дар речи spending ~ покупательная способность;
speech power дар речи state ~ государственная власть staying ~ страна пребывания staying: ~ остающийся неизменным;
неослабевающий;
staying power(s) выносливость, выдержка ~ могущество, власть (тж. государственная) ;
влияние, мощь;
supreme power верховная власть;
the party in power партия, стоящая у власти supreme ~ высшая власть taxpaying ~ налогоспособность treaty ~ полномочия на заключение договора unlimited ~ неограниченная мощность victorious ~ победоносная держава voting ~ право голоса without ~ с выключенным двигателем;
the mechanical powers простые машины

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > power
7 policy

•• policy, politics, politician

•• Policy 1. plan of action, statement of aims and ideals, especially one made by a government, political party, business company, etc. 2. wise, sensible conduct; art of government.
•• Politics the science or art of government; political views, affairs, questions, etc.
•• Politician person taking part in politics or much interested in politics; (in a sense) person who follows politics as a career, regardless of principle (A.S. Hornby).
•• Государственный секретарь Джордж Шульц любил поговорить о разнице между policy и politics. Я, говорил он, старался не втягиваться в politics, а все внимание сосредоточивал на policy, на policy-making. В этом высказывании сконцентрировано различие между этими двумя понятиями, которое часто упускают из виду. Politics – это политическая борьба (не всегда в отрицательном значении; когда из контекста ясно, что значение именно отрицательное, можно переводить политиканство), а policy – это политическая линия, политическая стратегия. Policy statement – не просто политическое, а программное, принципиальное заявление: When Clinton told a discussion group in Shanghai, “Everyone understands that there is a new China emerging in the world that is more prosperous, more open and more dynamic,”... he was not simply making an observation but something tantamount to policy statement. Стоит обратить внимание на словосочетание public policy, которое ближе всего к русскому политика в значении процесс решения главных вопросов жизни государства и общества. Пример из Washington Post: Mr. Kudlow appears to make his mark on public policy. Из Wall Street Journal: Mr. Doron is director of a public policy think tank located near Jerusalem. – Г-н Дорон является руководителем центра исследования политических проблем (или просто политики).
•• Нередко по смыслу politics относится к внутриполитической сфере. Характерный пример: From Shylock to Scrooge and now to George Soros, it has always been only too easy to cast the man with the moneybags as the villain. And it’s happening again as the countries in Southeast Asia search for a scapegoat for the financial crises that have beset them in recent weeks. [...] All these wild charges, of course, may make good politics (International Herald Tribune). – ...Конечно, на всех этих скандальных обвинениях можно набрать политические очки (или очки во внутриполитической борьбе).
•• Аналогичный пример: Many if not most citizens of Taiwan no longer believe in reunion with the mainland and are eager for international recognition in their own right. Taiwan’s politics cater to this popular view (Don Oberdorfer). Здесь возможен такой перевод – разумеется, чисто контекстуальный: Тайваньские политики отражают это широко распространенное мнение. Politics может иметь и сильный отрицательный оттенок. Словарь Safire’s Political Dictionary дает следующее определение выражения playing politics: placing partisan gain above the public interest, т.е. ставить узкопартийные интересы выше интересов общества.
•• Не всегда легко поддается переводу словосочетание the politics of. Вот перевод подзаголовка статьи о политической ситуации на Украине: Политика президентских выборов. Совершенно непонятно, о чем тут речь. Из текста же ясно, что в этом разделе говорится о влиянии будущих президентских выборов на политическую ситуацию, политическую борьбу. Лучше было перевести Президентские выборы и политическая борьба.
•• Выражение из другого смыслового ряда – office politics. Смысл его – то, что у нас принято называть служебными интригами, подсиживанием. Иногда оно близко по значению к turf (или territorial) battles – ведомственные, бюрократические игры, внутри- или межведомственная борьба (войны).
•• Не всем известно, что значит слово politic (у него есть еще антоним impolitic). Словари дают значение (политически) выгодный, благоразумный, дальновидный, дипломатичный. В следующем примере из журнала Fortune, скорее всего – осторожный: When Reilly called Tom Florio and Tina Brown for comment, on the record both were politic but behind the scenes they were livid. (Здесь слово livid – синоним mad – вне себя от ярости.)
•• Теперь обратим внимание на значение слова policy, не всегда отражаемое словарями и близкое к русскому твердое правило. Вот два примера из одного номера журнала «Ньюсуик»:
•• 1. A new policy [of a television network] prohibits paying “criminals, convicts or miscreants.”
•• 2. HIID [Harvard Institute for International Development] policy does not allow its employees to invest in the countries they counsel.
•• Слово politician по-английски – нечто среднее между русскими политик и политикан. Контекст, как правило, позволяет без особого труда решить, какое из этих русских слов подходит лучше. Труднее правильно перевести русское политик. Почти всегда подходит policy-maker, иногда – political leader. Нейтральный, хотя и слишком сухой вариант – political figure. А как же перевести слово политикан? Иногда вполне подойдет politician или petty politician или just a politician. Ну, если нужен «колорит», можно попробовать politico или pol: Washington politicos can’t wait to start slugging (International Herald Tribune). – Вашингтонские политиканы рвутся в драку.
•• Политические термины, словосочетания, поговорки широко распространены в речи американцев, особенно образованных и следящих за средствами информации, значительное место в которых занимает политика в ее разных ипостасях. Вот несколько словосочетаний со словом political:
•• political animal – «политическое животное», т.е. человек (как правило, политик) с сильно развитыми политическими инстинктами. Кстати, еще Аристотель в своем трактате «Политика» писал: «Человек по природе своей – животное политическое»;
•• political capital см. также political mileage – политический капитал, выигрыш, «навар». Употребляется обычно с негативным оттенком;
•• political correctness – понятие политической корректности в последние годы получило распространение и у нас. Поэтому объяснять его нет особой необходимости. Важнее знать, чего не следует говорить (или как не следует выражаться), чтобы не выйти за рамки политически приемлемого в данном обществе. Так, в Великобритании, во всяком случае до недавнего времени, было не принято негативно высказываться о королеве. В Соединенных Штатах давно уже нельзя говорить Negro (раньше говорили и писали black, а теперь не очень корректно и это, сами чернокожие американцы (и многие белые) предпочитают African-American). В качестве общего принципа политической корректности можно сказать так: нужно избегать любых слов и высказываний, которые могут задеть то или иное более или менее организованное меньшинство (за исключением явно экстремистских) – политическое, расовое, сексуальное. Бывшие граждане СССР обычно относятся к политкорректности резко отрицательно, что может быть отчасти реакцией на многолетнюю жизнь в условиях жесткой политической регламентированности. Лучше, однако, не читать по этому поводу нотаций американцам. У истоков Соединенных Штатов стояло религиозное меньшинство (пуритане с корабля «Мэйфлауэр»), и сейчас Америка нередко предстает как огромное «сообщество меньшинств»;
•• political football – объект политических игр. Уильям Сэфайр приводит пример из выступления бывшего президента США Гарри Трумена, обвинившего Дуайта Эйзенхауэра в том, что тот “used our foreign policy as a political football.” Еще одно интересное и малоизвестное значение слова football - «ядерный чемоданчик» – но не в значении миниатюрное ядерное устройство. Определение находим у Сэфайра – the small, thirty-pound metal suitcase containing codes that can launch a nuclear attack. It is carried by a military aide to the President and follows the chief executive wherever he goes;
•• political mileage – то же самое, что political capital, но с меньшим негативным оттенком.
•• Несколько выражений политического происхождения вошли в повседневный обиход и стали «повсеместно понятными» (generally understood). В некоторых случаях за ними закрепились и русские эквиваленты, не всегда, впрочем, самые удачные. Так, перевод рузвельтовского New Deal как Новый курс, на мой взгляд не идеален. Франклин Рузвельт в данном случае взял за основу Square Deal своего предшественника и родственника Теодора Рузвельта, который имел в виду не просто некий политический или экономический курс, а нечто большее, о чем свидетельствует следующая цитата: We demand that big business give people a square deal. Речь, как видим, идет скорее о «справедливой сделке», справедливом отношении большого бизнеса («олигархов», как у нас сказали бы сейчас) к большинству населения. Соответственно и Ф.Рузвельт, как явствует из его выступлений, имел в виду своего рода «новый общественный договор» между бизнесом и обществом. Разумеется, перевод Новый курс устоялся и изменению не подлежит, но не вредно знать, что стоит за рузвельтовским лозунгом (почти «новый строй»!). От Ф.Рузвельта остались и fireside chats (радио)беседы у камина – выступления президента по радио с доступным для каждого разъяснением важных вопросов политики и экономики. (Рузвельт использовал этот инструмент очень эффективно, а вот попытки использовать его в другое время и в другой стране выглядели, пожалуй, комично.) Также от Рузвельта остались и Four Freedoms – freedom of speech and expression, freedom to worship God, freedom from want (свобода от нужды) и freedom from fear ( свобода от страха, причем из знаменитой речи Рузвельта 6 января 1941 года ясно, что под этим он имел в виду далеко идущий процесс разоружения).
•• Знаменитое высказывание Теодора Рузвельта Speak softly and always carry a big stick (говори тихо, но всегда имей с собой большую дубинку) известно у нас в основном в «антиимпериалистической» интерпретации («политика большой дубинки»).
•• Несколько широко известных словесных шедевров принадлежит Гарри Трумену, например, знаменитое The buck stops here. Табличка с этим лозунгом стояла у него на письменном столе, и означала примерно следующее: «бюрократические игры кончаются здесь». Выражение to pass the buck, от которого происходит труменовский лозунг, означает спихивать на кого-либо решение (ответственность) в важном вопросе (у нас существует не очень распространенное, но яркое словечко спихотехника). Трумен ввел в обиход поговорку If you can’t stand the heat, get out of the kitchen, означающую, что политика – дело жестокое, но приходится терпеть. Если жарко – уходи, никто не держит.
•• Джон Кеннеди – автор «экономического афоризма» A rising tide lifts all the boats. – Прилив поднимает все лодки, т.е. общий подъем экономики выгоден всем – и богатым, и бедным. Он же в своей инаугурационной речи сказал запомнившиеся американцам слова: Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country. – Не спрашивай, что может сделать для тебя твоя страна, – лучше спроси, что ты можешь для нее сделать.
•• Любой образованный англичанин или американец, услышав Power corrupts, продолжит: absolute power corrupts absolutely (хотя не все знают, что это высказывание принадлежит английскому историку лорду Эктону – Lord Acton, 1834–1902; кстати, у него Power tends to corrupt – по-моему, точнее). Власть развращает, а безграничная власть развращает безгранично.
•• Еще несколько политических поговорок, вошедших в обиходную речь:
•• You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours. – Услуга за услугу;
•• You can’t fight City Hall ≈ Плетью обуха не перешибешь;
•• How you stand depends on where you sit ≈ Где сидишь (т.е. какую должность занимаешь), на том и стоишь (такова и твоя позиция).
•• Интересное «политическое словосочетание» – вопрос Will it play in Peoria? означает Поймут ли нас в глубинке? Оно появилось во времена президента Никсона, и небольшой (хотя и не самый маленький) город Пеория в штате Иллинойс предстает здесь как символ провинциальности. Джимми Картер не оставил после себя ярких фразеологизмов, зато один из членов его кабинета, земляк президента из штата Джорджия Берт Лэнс прославился фразой: If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it. – Что не сломалось, не чини.
•• Список фразеологизмов и словосочетаний, политических по происхождению или основной сфере употребления, можно продолжать долго. Ограничусь несколькими, отобранными без особой системы:
•• bully pulpit – Теодор Рузвельт считал, что президентский пост дает возможность его обладателю быть «отцом нации», нравственным лидером и вдохновителем ее побед. Bully pulpit – «трибуна президента», с которой он проповедует нации;
•• gut issue – «нутряной вопрос». Так говорят о проблеме, нередко надуманной, которая вызывает у избирателей чисто эмоциональную реакцию, «задевает душу», заставляет «голосовать сердцем» (у американцев, как видим, кишечником);
•• heartbeat away from the presidency ≈ может быть, не сегодня-завтра президент. Эта фраза является своего рода напоминанием о том, что к выбору (и голосованию за) вице-президента надо подходить со всей ответственностью – случись что с президентом, и, казалось бы, малозначительный (что характерно для большинства администраций) человек становится национальным лидером;
•• high road... low road – эта фраза стала популярной во время президентской кампании 1948 года, когда республиканский кандидат (и фаворит предвыборной гонки) Томас Дьюи заявил, что не будет отвечать на «удары ниже пояса», к которым прибегал Трумен (как ни странно, тогдашний президент считался underdog, т.е. аутсайдером). To take the high road можно перевести проявить разборчивость в средствах, не прибегать к неэтичным приемам. To take the low road – пойти на все ради победы, бить ниже пояса;
•• hit list – список подлежащих (политической) ликвидации. Хотя на Западе уже давно политических противников не ликвидируют физически, словосочетания с hit распространены очень широко ( hit job или hatchet job – заказной «компромат», (political) hitman – поставщик компромата и т.д.);
•• press the flesh – жать руку. «Контакт с народом» – как ни странно, любимое занятие политических деятелей, в чем мне приходилось не раз убеждаться (они действительно получают удовольствие от контакта с незнакомыми людьми);
•• smoke-filled rooms – прокуренные комнаты. Символизирует келейный характер решений, принимаемых политическими боссами за закрытыми дверями;
•• smoking gun – неопровержимая улика. Это выражение было в ходу во время уотергейтской эпопеи – у ее участников были разные мнения о том, есть ли такие улики против президента Никсона. На сегодняшний день об этом, пожалуй, можно сказать: This is a moot question. См. статью moot.
•• * Английский язык – особенно его американский вариант – возможно, уникален в проведении резкой черты между politics и policy. Различия между ними довольно подробно, хотя и неполно, описаны в «Моем несистематическом словаре», но в данном случае речь не о них, а о том, что и сами американцы, видимо, чувствуют, что в реальной жизни это единый организм. Наверное, не случайно политический раздел в газете Wall Street Journal называется Policy and Politics. A вот цитата из New York Times:
•• Good, artful writing, writing with voice and style, turns up in lots of places: in memoirs, in books about history and science, and sometimes even in books about politics and policy.
•• Самый естественный – и абсолютно правильный – перевод здесь: ... и иногда даже в книгах о политике. (Потому что в русском понимании выработка политического курса, сам этот курс и политическая борьба отделяются друг от друга только по необходимости, а не «по умолчанию».)
•• К этой же теме: интересная трансформация происходит со словосочетанием political strategist. Если раньше его значение было близко к тому, как мы понимаем его русский аналог политический стратег (есть, например, книга, Gandhi as a Political Strategist), то сейчас это выражение употребляется в США в сочетании с такими именами, как Karl Rove, Donna Brazile, James Carville, Dick Morris (это подтверждает и поиск в гугле), – это те, кого у нас принято называть политтехнологами. (См. также в статье технология, техногенный в русской части словаря.)

English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > policy
8 politician

•• policy, politics, politician

•• Policy 1. plan of action, statement of aims and ideals, especially one made by a government, political party, business company, etc. 2. wise, sensible conduct; art of government.
•• Politics the science or art of government; political views, affairs, questions, etc.
•• Politician person taking part in politics or much interested in politics; (in a sense) person who follows politics as a career, regardless of principle (A.S. Hornby).
•• Государственный секретарь Джордж Шульц любил поговорить о разнице между policy и politics. Я, говорил он, старался не втягиваться в politics, а все внимание сосредоточивал на policy, на policy-making. В этом высказывании сконцентрировано различие между этими двумя понятиями, которое часто упускают из виду. Politics – это политическая борьба (не всегда в отрицательном значении; когда из контекста ясно, что значение именно отрицательное, можно переводить политиканство), а policy – это политическая линия, политическая стратегия. Policy statement – не просто политическое, а программное, принципиальное заявление: When Clinton told a discussion group in Shanghai, “Everyone understands that there is a new China emerging in the world that is more prosperous, more open and more dynamic,”... he was not simply making an observation but something tantamount to policy statement. Стоит обратить внимание на словосочетание public policy, которое ближе всего к русскому политика в значении процесс решения главных вопросов жизни государства и общества. Пример из Washington Post: Mr. Kudlow appears to make his mark on public policy. Из Wall Street Journal: Mr. Doron is director of a public policy think tank located near Jerusalem. – Г-н Дорон является руководителем центра исследования политических проблем (или просто политики).
•• Нередко по смыслу politics относится к внутриполитической сфере. Характерный пример: From Shylock to Scrooge and now to George Soros, it has always been only too easy to cast the man with the moneybags as the villain. And it’s happening again as the countries in Southeast Asia search for a scapegoat for the financial crises that have beset them in recent weeks. [...] All these wild charges, of course, may make good politics (International Herald Tribune). – ...Конечно, на всех этих скандальных обвинениях можно набрать политические очки (или очки во внутриполитической борьбе).
•• Аналогичный пример: Many if not most citizens of Taiwan no longer believe in reunion with the mainland and are eager for international recognition in their own right. Taiwan’s politics cater to this popular view (Don Oberdorfer). Здесь возможен такой перевод – разумеется, чисто контекстуальный: Тайваньские политики отражают это широко распространенное мнение. Politics может иметь и сильный отрицательный оттенок. Словарь Safire’s Political Dictionary дает следующее определение выражения playing politics: placing partisan gain above the public interest, т.е. ставить узкопартийные интересы выше интересов общества.
•• Не всегда легко поддается переводу словосочетание the politics of. Вот перевод подзаголовка статьи о политической ситуации на Украине: Политика президентских выборов. Совершенно непонятно, о чем тут речь. Из текста же ясно, что в этом разделе говорится о влиянии будущих президентских выборов на политическую ситуацию, политическую борьбу. Лучше было перевести Президентские выборы и политическая борьба.
•• Выражение из другого смыслового ряда – office politics. Смысл его – то, что у нас принято называть служебными интригами, подсиживанием. Иногда оно близко по значению к turf (или territorial) battles – ведомственные, бюрократические игры, внутри- или межведомственная борьба (войны).
•• Не всем известно, что значит слово politic (у него есть еще антоним impolitic). Словари дают значение (политически) выгодный, благоразумный, дальновидный, дипломатичный. В следующем примере из журнала Fortune, скорее всего – осторожный: When Reilly called Tom Florio and Tina Brown for comment, on the record both were politic but behind the scenes they were livid. (Здесь слово livid – синоним mad – вне себя от ярости.)
•• Теперь обратим внимание на значение слова policy, не всегда отражаемое словарями и близкое к русскому твердое правило. Вот два примера из одного номера журнала «Ньюсуик»:
•• 1. A new policy [of a television network] prohibits paying “criminals, convicts or miscreants.”
•• 2. HIID [Harvard Institute for International Development] policy does not allow its employees to invest in the countries they counsel.
•• Слово politician по-английски – нечто среднее между русскими политик и политикан. Контекст, как правило, позволяет без особого труда решить, какое из этих русских слов подходит лучше. Труднее правильно перевести русское политик. Почти всегда подходит policy-maker, иногда – political leader. Нейтральный, хотя и слишком сухой вариант – political figure. А как же перевести слово политикан? Иногда вполне подойдет politician или petty politician или just a politician. Ну, если нужен «колорит», можно попробовать politico или pol: Washington politicos can’t wait to start slugging (International Herald Tribune). – Вашингтонские политиканы рвутся в драку.
•• Политические термины, словосочетания, поговорки широко распространены в речи американцев, особенно образованных и следящих за средствами информации, значительное место в которых занимает политика в ее разных ипостасях. Вот несколько словосочетаний со словом political:
•• political animal – «политическое животное», т.е. человек (как правило, политик) с сильно развитыми политическими инстинктами. Кстати, еще Аристотель в своем трактате «Политика» писал: «Человек по природе своей – животное политическое»;
•• political capital см. также political mileage – политический капитал, выигрыш, «навар». Употребляется обычно с негативным оттенком;
•• political correctness – понятие политической корректности в последние годы получило распространение и у нас. Поэтому объяснять его нет особой необходимости. Важнее знать, чего не следует говорить (или как не следует выражаться), чтобы не выйти за рамки политически приемлемого в данном обществе. Так, в Великобритании, во всяком случае до недавнего времени, было не принято негативно высказываться о королеве. В Соединенных Штатах давно уже нельзя говорить Negro (раньше говорили и писали black, а теперь не очень корректно и это, сами чернокожие американцы (и многие белые) предпочитают African-American). В качестве общего принципа политической корректности можно сказать так: нужно избегать любых слов и высказываний, которые могут задеть то или иное более или менее организованное меньшинство (за исключением явно экстремистских) – политическое, расовое, сексуальное. Бывшие граждане СССР обычно относятся к политкорректности резко отрицательно, что может быть отчасти реакцией на многолетнюю жизнь в условиях жесткой политической регламентированности. Лучше, однако, не читать по этому поводу нотаций американцам. У истоков Соединенных Штатов стояло религиозное меньшинство (пуритане с корабля «Мэйфлауэр»), и сейчас Америка нередко предстает как огромное «сообщество меньшинств»;
•• political football – объект политических игр. Уильям Сэфайр приводит пример из выступления бывшего президента США Гарри Трумена, обвинившего Дуайта Эйзенхауэра в том, что тот “used our foreign policy as a political football.” Еще одно интересное и малоизвестное значение слова football - «ядерный чемоданчик» – но не в значении миниатюрное ядерное устройство. Определение находим у Сэфайра – the small, thirty-pound metal suitcase containing codes that can launch a nuclear attack. It is carried by a military aide to the President and follows the chief executive wherever he goes;
•• political mileage – то же самое, что political capital, но с меньшим негативным оттенком.
•• Несколько выражений политического происхождения вошли в повседневный обиход и стали «повсеместно понятными» (generally understood). В некоторых случаях за ними закрепились и русские эквиваленты, не всегда, впрочем, самые удачные. Так, перевод рузвельтовского New Deal как Новый курс, на мой взгляд не идеален. Франклин Рузвельт в данном случае взял за основу Square Deal своего предшественника и родственника Теодора Рузвельта, который имел в виду не просто некий политический или экономический курс, а нечто большее, о чем свидетельствует следующая цитата: We demand that big business give people a square deal. Речь, как видим, идет скорее о «справедливой сделке», справедливом отношении большого бизнеса («олигархов», как у нас сказали бы сейчас) к большинству населения. Соответственно и Ф.Рузвельт, как явствует из его выступлений, имел в виду своего рода «новый общественный договор» между бизнесом и обществом. Разумеется, перевод Новый курс устоялся и изменению не подлежит, но не вредно знать, что стоит за рузвельтовским лозунгом (почти «новый строй»!). От Ф.Рузвельта остались и fireside chats (радио)беседы у камина – выступления президента по радио с доступным для каждого разъяснением важных вопросов политики и экономики. (Рузвельт использовал этот инструмент очень эффективно, а вот попытки использовать его в другое время и в другой стране выглядели, пожалуй, комично.) Также от Рузвельта остались и Four Freedoms – freedom of speech and expression, freedom to worship God, freedom from want (свобода от нужды) и freedom from fear ( свобода от страха, причем из знаменитой речи Рузвельта 6 января 1941 года ясно, что под этим он имел в виду далеко идущий процесс разоружения).
•• Знаменитое высказывание Теодора Рузвельта Speak softly and always carry a big stick (говори тихо, но всегда имей с собой большую дубинку) известно у нас в основном в «антиимпериалистической» интерпретации («политика большой дубинки»).
•• Несколько широко известных словесных шедевров принадлежит Гарри Трумену, например, знаменитое The buck stops here. Табличка с этим лозунгом стояла у него на письменном столе, и означала примерно следующее: «бюрократические игры кончаются здесь». Выражение to pass the buck, от которого происходит труменовский лозунг, означает спихивать на кого-либо решение (ответственность) в важном вопросе (у нас существует не очень распространенное, но яркое словечко спихотехника). Трумен ввел в обиход поговорку If you can’t stand the heat, get out of the kitchen, означающую, что политика – дело жестокое, но приходится терпеть. Если жарко – уходи, никто не держит.
•• Джон Кеннеди – автор «экономического афоризма» A rising tide lifts all the boats. – Прилив поднимает все лодки, т.е. общий подъем экономики выгоден всем – и богатым, и бедным. Он же в своей инаугурационной речи сказал запомнившиеся американцам слова: Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country. – Не спрашивай, что может сделать для тебя твоя страна, – лучше спроси, что ты можешь для нее сделать.
•• Любой образованный англичанин или американец, услышав Power corrupts, продолжит: absolute power corrupts absolutely (хотя не все знают, что это высказывание принадлежит английскому историку лорду Эктону – Lord Acton, 1834–1902; кстати, у него Power tends to corrupt – по-моему, точнее). Власть развращает, а безграничная власть развращает безгранично.
•• Еще несколько политических поговорок, вошедших в обиходную речь:
•• You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours. – Услуга за услугу;
•• You can’t fight City Hall ≈ Плетью обуха не перешибешь;
•• How you stand depends on where you sit ≈ Где сидишь (т.е. какую должность занимаешь), на том и стоишь (такова и твоя позиция).
•• Интересное «политическое словосочетание» – вопрос Will it play in Peoria? означает Поймут ли нас в глубинке? Оно появилось во времена президента Никсона, и небольшой (хотя и не самый маленький) город Пеория в штате Иллинойс предстает здесь как символ провинциальности. Джимми Картер не оставил после себя ярких фразеологизмов, зато один из членов его кабинета, земляк президента из штата Джорджия Берт Лэнс прославился фразой: If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it. – Что не сломалось, не чини.
•• Список фразеологизмов и словосочетаний, политических по происхождению или основной сфере употребления, можно продолжать долго. Ограничусь несколькими, отобранными без особой системы:
•• bully pulpit – Теодор Рузвельт считал, что президентский пост дает возможность его обладателю быть «отцом нации», нравственным лидером и вдохновителем ее побед. Bully pulpit – «трибуна президента», с которой он проповедует нации;
•• gut issue – «нутряной вопрос». Так говорят о проблеме, нередко надуманной, которая вызывает у избирателей чисто эмоциональную реакцию, «задевает душу», заставляет «голосовать сердцем» (у американцев, как видим, кишечником);
•• heartbeat away from the presidency ≈ может быть, не сегодня-завтра президент. Эта фраза является своего рода напоминанием о том, что к выбору (и голосованию за) вице-президента надо подходить со всей ответственностью – случись что с президентом, и, казалось бы, малозначительный (что характерно для большинства администраций) человек становится национальным лидером;
•• high road... low road – эта фраза стала популярной во время президентской кампании 1948 года, когда республиканский кандидат (и фаворит предвыборной гонки) Томас Дьюи заявил, что не будет отвечать на «удары ниже пояса», к которым прибегал Трумен (как ни странно, тогдашний президент считался underdog, т.е. аутсайдером). To take the high road можно перевести проявить разборчивость в средствах, не прибегать к неэтичным приемам. To take the low road – пойти на все ради победы, бить ниже пояса;
•• hit list – список подлежащих (политической) ликвидации. Хотя на Западе уже давно политических противников не ликвидируют физически, словосочетания с hit распространены очень широко ( hit job или hatchet job – заказной «компромат», (political) hitman – поставщик компромата и т.д.);
•• press the flesh – жать руку. «Контакт с народом» – как ни странно, любимое занятие политических деятелей, в чем мне приходилось не раз убеждаться (они действительно получают удовольствие от контакта с незнакомыми людьми);
•• smoke-filled rooms – прокуренные комнаты. Символизирует келейный характер решений, принимаемых политическими боссами за закрытыми дверями;
•• smoking gun – неопровержимая улика. Это выражение было в ходу во время уотергейтской эпопеи – у ее участников были разные мнения о том, есть ли такие улики против президента Никсона. На сегодняшний день об этом, пожалуй, можно сказать: This is a moot question. См. статью moot.
•• * Английский язык – особенно его американский вариант – возможно, уникален в проведении резкой черты между politics и policy. Различия между ними довольно подробно, хотя и неполно, описаны в «Моем несистематическом словаре», но в данном случае речь не о них, а о том, что и сами американцы, видимо, чувствуют, что в реальной жизни это единый организм. Наверное, не случайно политический раздел в газете Wall Street Journal называется Policy and Politics. A вот цитата из New York Times:
•• Good, artful writing, writing with voice and style, turns up in lots of places: in memoirs, in books about history and science, and sometimes even in books about politics and policy.
•• Самый естественный – и абсолютно правильный – перевод здесь: ... и иногда даже в книгах о политике. (Потому что в русском понимании выработка политического курса, сам этот курс и политическая борьба отделяются друг от друга только по необходимости, а не «по умолчанию».)
•• К этой же теме: интересная трансформация происходит со словосочетанием political strategist. Если раньше его значение было близко к тому, как мы понимаем его русский аналог политический стратег (есть, например, книга, Gandhi as a Political Strategist), то сейчас это выражение употребляется в США в сочетании с такими именами, как Karl Rove, Donna Brazile, James Carville, Dick Morris (это подтверждает и поиск в гугле), – это те, кого у нас принято называть политтехнологами. (См. также в статье технология, техногенный в русской части словаря.)

English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > politician
9 politics

•• policy, politics, politician

•• Policy 1. plan of action, statement of aims and ideals, especially one made by a government, political party, business company, etc. 2. wise, sensible conduct; art of government.
•• Politics the science or art of government; political views, affairs, questions, etc.
•• Politician person taking part in politics or much interested in politics; (in a sense) person who follows politics as a career, regardless of principle (A.S. Hornby).
•• Государственный секретарь Джордж Шульц любил поговорить о разнице между policy и politics. Я, говорил он, старался не втягиваться в politics, а все внимание сосредоточивал на policy, на policy-making. В этом высказывании сконцентрировано различие между этими двумя понятиями, которое часто упускают из виду. Politics – это политическая борьба (не всегда в отрицательном значении; когда из контекста ясно, что значение именно отрицательное, можно переводить политиканство), а policy – это политическая линия, политическая стратегия. Policy statement – не просто политическое, а программное, принципиальное заявление: When Clinton told a discussion group in Shanghai, “Everyone understands that there is a new China emerging in the world that is more prosperous, more open and more dynamic,”... he was not simply making an observation but something tantamount to policy statement. Стоит обратить внимание на словосочетание public policy, которое ближе всего к русскому политика в значении процесс решения главных вопросов жизни государства и общества. Пример из Washington Post: Mr. Kudlow appears to make his mark on public policy. Из Wall Street Journal: Mr. Doron is director of a public policy think tank located near Jerusalem. – Г-н Дорон является руководителем центра исследования политических проблем (или просто политики).
•• Нередко по смыслу politics относится к внутриполитической сфере. Характерный пример: From Shylock to Scrooge and now to George Soros, it has always been only too easy to cast the man with the moneybags as the villain. And it’s happening again as the countries in Southeast Asia search for a scapegoat for the financial crises that have beset them in recent weeks. [...] All these wild charges, of course, may make good politics (International Herald Tribune). – ...Конечно, на всех этих скандальных обвинениях можно набрать политические очки (или очки во внутриполитической борьбе).
•• Аналогичный пример: Many if not most citizens of Taiwan no longer believe in reunion with the mainland and are eager for international recognition in their own right. Taiwan’s politics cater to this popular view (Don Oberdorfer). Здесь возможен такой перевод – разумеется, чисто контекстуальный: Тайваньские политики отражают это широко распространенное мнение. Politics может иметь и сильный отрицательный оттенок. Словарь Safire’s Political Dictionary дает следующее определение выражения playing politics: placing partisan gain above the public interest, т.е. ставить узкопартийные интересы выше интересов общества.
•• Не всегда легко поддается переводу словосочетание the politics of. Вот перевод подзаголовка статьи о политической ситуации на Украине: Политика президентских выборов. Совершенно непонятно, о чем тут речь. Из текста же ясно, что в этом разделе говорится о влиянии будущих президентских выборов на политическую ситуацию, политическую борьбу. Лучше было перевести Президентские выборы и политическая борьба.
•• Выражение из другого смыслового ряда – office politics. Смысл его – то, что у нас принято называть служебными интригами, подсиживанием. Иногда оно близко по значению к turf (или territorial) battles – ведомственные, бюрократические игры, внутри- или межведомственная борьба (войны).
•• Не всем известно, что значит слово politic (у него есть еще антоним impolitic). Словари дают значение (политически) выгодный, благоразумный, дальновидный, дипломатичный. В следующем примере из журнала Fortune, скорее всего – осторожный: When Reilly called Tom Florio and Tina Brown for comment, on the record both were politic but behind the scenes they were livid. (Здесь слово livid – синоним mad – вне себя от ярости.)
•• Теперь обратим внимание на значение слова policy, не всегда отражаемое словарями и близкое к русскому твердое правило. Вот два примера из одного номера журнала «Ньюсуик»:
•• 1. A new policy [of a television network] prohibits paying “criminals, convicts or miscreants.”
•• 2. HIID [Harvard Institute for International Development] policy does not allow its employees to invest in the countries they counsel.
•• Слово politician по-английски – нечто среднее между русскими политик и политикан. Контекст, как правило, позволяет без особого труда решить, какое из этих русских слов подходит лучше. Труднее правильно перевести русское политик. Почти всегда подходит policy-maker, иногда – political leader. Нейтральный, хотя и слишком сухой вариант – political figure. А как же перевести слово политикан? Иногда вполне подойдет politician или petty politician или just a politician. Ну, если нужен «колорит», можно попробовать politico или pol: Washington politicos can’t wait to start slugging (International Herald Tribune). – Вашингтонские политиканы рвутся в драку.
•• Политические термины, словосочетания, поговорки широко распространены в речи американцев, особенно образованных и следящих за средствами информации, значительное место в которых занимает политика в ее разных ипостасях. Вот несколько словосочетаний со словом political:
•• political animal – «политическое животное», т.е. человек (как правило, политик) с сильно развитыми политическими инстинктами. Кстати, еще Аристотель в своем трактате «Политика» писал: «Человек по природе своей – животное политическое»;
•• political capital см. также political mileage – политический капитал, выигрыш, «навар». Употребляется обычно с негативным оттенком;
•• political correctness – понятие политической корректности в последние годы получило распространение и у нас. Поэтому объяснять его нет особой необходимости. Важнее знать, чего не следует говорить (или как не следует выражаться), чтобы не выйти за рамки политически приемлемого в данном обществе. Так, в Великобритании, во всяком случае до недавнего времени, было не принято негативно высказываться о королеве. В Соединенных Штатах давно уже нельзя говорить Negro (раньше говорили и писали black, а теперь не очень корректно и это, сами чернокожие американцы (и многие белые) предпочитают African-American). В качестве общего принципа политической корректности можно сказать так: нужно избегать любых слов и высказываний, которые могут задеть то или иное более или менее организованное меньшинство (за исключением явно экстремистских) – политическое, расовое, сексуальное. Бывшие граждане СССР обычно относятся к политкорректности резко отрицательно, что может быть отчасти реакцией на многолетнюю жизнь в условиях жесткой политической регламентированности. Лучше, однако, не читать по этому поводу нотаций американцам. У истоков Соединенных Штатов стояло религиозное меньшинство (пуритане с корабля «Мэйфлауэр»), и сейчас Америка нередко предстает как огромное «сообщество меньшинств»;
•• political football – объект политических игр. Уильям Сэфайр приводит пример из выступления бывшего президента США Гарри Трумена, обвинившего Дуайта Эйзенхауэра в том, что тот “used our foreign policy as a political football.” Еще одно интересное и малоизвестное значение слова football - «ядерный чемоданчик» – но не в значении миниатюрное ядерное устройство. Определение находим у Сэфайра – the small, thirty-pound metal suitcase containing codes that can launch a nuclear attack. It is carried by a military aide to the President and follows the chief executive wherever he goes;
•• political mileage – то же самое, что political capital, но с меньшим негативным оттенком.
•• Несколько выражений политического происхождения вошли в повседневный обиход и стали «повсеместно понятными» (generally understood). В некоторых случаях за ними закрепились и русские эквиваленты, не всегда, впрочем, самые удачные. Так, перевод рузвельтовского New Deal как Новый курс, на мой взгляд не идеален. Франклин Рузвельт в данном случае взял за основу Square Deal своего предшественника и родственника Теодора Рузвельта, который имел в виду не просто некий политический или экономический курс, а нечто большее, о чем свидетельствует следующая цитата: We demand that big business give people a square deal. Речь, как видим, идет скорее о «справедливой сделке», справедливом отношении большого бизнеса («олигархов», как у нас сказали бы сейчас) к большинству населения. Соответственно и Ф.Рузвельт, как явствует из его выступлений, имел в виду своего рода «новый общественный договор» между бизнесом и обществом. Разумеется, перевод Новый курс устоялся и изменению не подлежит, но не вредно знать, что стоит за рузвельтовским лозунгом (почти «новый строй»!). От Ф.Рузвельта остались и fireside chats (радио)беседы у камина – выступления президента по радио с доступным для каждого разъяснением важных вопросов политики и экономики. (Рузвельт использовал этот инструмент очень эффективно, а вот попытки использовать его в другое время и в другой стране выглядели, пожалуй, комично.) Также от Рузвельта остались и Four Freedoms – freedom of speech and expression, freedom to worship God, freedom from want (свобода от нужды) и freedom from fear ( свобода от страха, причем из знаменитой речи Рузвельта 6 января 1941 года ясно, что под этим он имел в виду далеко идущий процесс разоружения).
•• Знаменитое высказывание Теодора Рузвельта Speak softly and always carry a big stick (говори тихо, но всегда имей с собой большую дубинку) известно у нас в основном в «антиимпериалистической» интерпретации («политика большой дубинки»).
•• Несколько широко известных словесных шедевров принадлежит Гарри Трумену, например, знаменитое The buck stops here. Табличка с этим лозунгом стояла у него на письменном столе, и означала примерно следующее: «бюрократические игры кончаются здесь». Выражение to pass the buck, от которого происходит труменовский лозунг, означает спихивать на кого-либо решение (ответственность) в важном вопросе (у нас существует не очень распространенное, но яркое словечко спихотехника). Трумен ввел в обиход поговорку If you can’t stand the heat, get out of the kitchen, означающую, что политика – дело жестокое, но приходится терпеть. Если жарко – уходи, никто не держит.
•• Джон Кеннеди – автор «экономического афоризма» A rising tide lifts all the boats. – Прилив поднимает все лодки, т.е. общий подъем экономики выгоден всем – и богатым, и бедным. Он же в своей инаугурационной речи сказал запомнившиеся американцам слова: Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country. – Не спрашивай, что может сделать для тебя твоя страна, – лучше спроси, что ты можешь для нее сделать.
•• Любой образованный англичанин или американец, услышав Power corrupts, продолжит: absolute power corrupts absolutely (хотя не все знают, что это высказывание принадлежит английскому историку лорду Эктону – Lord Acton, 1834–1902; кстати, у него Power tends to corrupt – по-моему, точнее). Власть развращает, а безграничная власть развращает безгранично.
•• Еще несколько политических поговорок, вошедших в обиходную речь:
•• You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours. – Услуга за услугу;
•• You can’t fight City Hall ≈ Плетью обуха не перешибешь;
•• How you stand depends on where you sit ≈ Где сидишь (т.е. какую должность занимаешь), на том и стоишь (такова и твоя позиция).
•• Интересное «политическое словосочетание» – вопрос Will it play in Peoria? означает Поймут ли нас в глубинке? Оно появилось во времена президента Никсона, и небольшой (хотя и не самый маленький) город Пеория в штате Иллинойс предстает здесь как символ провинциальности. Джимми Картер не оставил после себя ярких фразеологизмов, зато один из членов его кабинета, земляк президента из штата Джорджия Берт Лэнс прославился фразой: If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it. – Что не сломалось, не чини.
•• Список фразеологизмов и словосочетаний, политических по происхождению или основной сфере употребления, можно продолжать долго. Ограничусь несколькими, отобранными без особой системы:
•• bully pulpit – Теодор Рузвельт считал, что президентский пост дает возможность его обладателю быть «отцом нации», нравственным лидером и вдохновителем ее побед. Bully pulpit – «трибуна президента», с которой он проповедует нации;
•• gut issue – «нутряной вопрос». Так говорят о проблеме, нередко надуманной, которая вызывает у избирателей чисто эмоциональную реакцию, «задевает душу», заставляет «голосовать сердцем» (у американцев, как видим, кишечником);
•• heartbeat away from the presidency ≈ может быть, не сегодня-завтра президент. Эта фраза является своего рода напоминанием о том, что к выбору (и голосованию за) вице-президента надо подходить со всей ответственностью – случись что с президентом, и, казалось бы, малозначительный (что характерно для большинства администраций) человек становится национальным лидером;
•• high road... low road – эта фраза стала популярной во время президентской кампании 1948 года, когда республиканский кандидат (и фаворит предвыборной гонки) Томас Дьюи заявил, что не будет отвечать на «удары ниже пояса», к которым прибегал Трумен (как ни странно, тогдашний президент считался underdog, т.е. аутсайдером). To take the high road можно перевести проявить разборчивость в средствах, не прибегать к неэтичным приемам. To take the low road – пойти на все ради победы, бить ниже пояса;
•• hit list – список подлежащих (политической) ликвидации. Хотя на Западе уже давно политических противников не ликвидируют физически, словосочетания с hit распространены очень широко ( hit job или hatchet job – заказной «компромат», (political) hitman – поставщик компромата и т.д.);
•• press the flesh – жать руку. «Контакт с народом» – как ни странно, любимое занятие политических деятелей, в чем мне приходилось не раз убеждаться (они действительно получают удовольствие от контакта с незнакомыми людьми);
•• smoke-filled rooms – прокуренные комнаты. Символизирует келейный характер решений, принимаемых политическими боссами за закрытыми дверями;
•• smoking gun – неопровержимая улика. Это выражение было в ходу во время уотергейтской эпопеи – у ее участников были разные мнения о том, есть ли такие улики против президента Никсона. На сегодняшний день об этом, пожалуй, можно сказать: This is a moot question. См. статью moot.
•• * Английский язык – особенно его американский вариант – возможно, уникален в проведении резкой черты между politics и policy. Различия между ними довольно подробно, хотя и неполно, описаны в «Моем несистематическом словаре», но в данном случае речь не о них, а о том, что и сами американцы, видимо, чувствуют, что в реальной жизни это единый организм. Наверное, не случайно политический раздел в газете Wall Street Journal называется Policy and Politics. A вот цитата из New York Times:
•• Good, artful writing, writing with voice and style, turns up in lots of places: in memoirs, in books about history and science, and sometimes even in books about politics and policy.
•• Самый естественный – и абсолютно правильный – перевод здесь: ... и иногда даже в книгах о политике. (Потому что в русском понимании выработка политического курса, сам этот курс и политическая борьба отделяются друг от друга только по необходимости, а не «по умолчанию».)
•• К этой же теме: интересная трансформация происходит со словосочетанием political strategist. Если раньше его значение было близко к тому, как мы понимаем его русский аналог политический стратег (есть, например, книга, Gandhi as a Political Strategist), то сейчас это выражение употребляется в США в сочетании с такими именами, как Karl Rove, Donna Brazile, James Carville, Dick Morris (это подтверждает и поиск в гугле), – это те, кого у нас принято называть политтехнологами. (См. также в статье технология, техногенный в русской части словаря.)

English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > politics
10 socavar

v.

1 to dig under (excavar por debajo).

2 to undermine, to erode, to cut the ground from under, to dig away.

Las lluvias socavan la tierra The rain undermines the soil.

Las penas socavan el alma Woe undermines the soul.

3 to weaken, to debilitate, to mine, to sap.

El sufrimiento socava a Ricardo Suffering weakens Richard.

4 to cavitate, to produce cavitation.

El río socava The river produces cavitation.

* * *

socavar

► verbo transitivo

1 (excavar) to dig under

2 figurado to undermine

* * *

VT

1) (=minar) to undermine

2) (=excavar) [persona] to dig under; [agua] to hollow out

3) (=debilitar) to sap, undermine

* * *

verbo transitivo to undermine

* * *

= undermine, sap, chip away, gnaw (at), undercut, hollow out.

Ex. Furthermore, the value of citation bibliometry is currently being undermined by the formation of 'citation clubs', which aim to indiscriminately achieve maximum cross-citing between 'club members'.

Ex. First the desire to read is sapped, then the will, and finally stamina to tackle anything but short, and immediately useful, passages.

Ex. Despite the US Constitution and Bill of Rights, guaranteeing freedom of expression, there seems to be an onslaught of people chipping away at this social foundation.

Ex. The rugby league is increasingly beset by a financial reward system that gnaws at its prime resource -- the players.

Ex. The effects of liberalization threaten to undercut the delivery of a long cherished social objective.

Ex. The Irish President said last night that Irish society is being hollowed out by individualism.

* * *

verbo transitivo to undermine

* * *

= undermine, sap, chip away, gnaw (at), undercut, hollow out.

Ex: Furthermore, the value of citation bibliometry is currently being undermined by the formation of 'citation clubs', which aim to indiscriminately achieve maximum cross-citing between 'club members'.

Ex: First the desire to read is sapped, then the will, and finally stamina to tackle anything but short, and immediately useful, passages.

Ex: Despite the US Constitution and Bill of Rights, guaranteeing freedom of expression, there seems to be an onslaught of people chipping away at this social foundation.

Ex: The rugby league is increasingly beset by a financial reward system that gnaws at its prime resource -- the players.

Ex: The effects of liberalization threaten to undercut the delivery of a long cherished social objective.

Ex: The Irish President said last night that Irish society is being hollowed out by individualism.

* * *

socavar [A1 ]

vt

to undermine

* * *

socavar verbo transitivo
1 to undermine
2 fig (minar, destruir) to undermine
' socavar' also found in these entries:
English:
undermine

* * *

socavar vt

1. [debilitar] to undermine

2. [excavar por debajo] to dig under

* * *

socavar

v/t tb fig

undermine

* * *

socavar vt

: to undermine

Spanish-English dictionary > socavar
11 balance

m.

1 balance sheet (finance) (document).

balance consolidado consolidated balance sheet

balance de pagos balance of payments (Am)

2 outcome.

hacer balance (de) to take stock (of)

el accidente tuvo un balance de seis heridos a total of six people were wounded in the accident

3 remainder, residue, rest, balance.

* * *

balance

► nombre masculino

1 (movimiento) rocking

2 COMERCIO (operación) balance; (hoja) balance sheet

3 (cálculo) total

■ el balance provisional es de quince muertos the provisional death toll is fifteen

4 (resultado) outcome, result

■ el balance de la reunión ha sido positivo on balance, the meeting was successful

5 (equilibrio) balance

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

hacer un balance de to take stock of, weigh up, evaluate

balance acústico sound balance

* * *

SM

1) (Econ) [de una cuenta] balance; (=documento) balance (sheet); (Com) [de existencias] stocktaking, inventory (EEUU)

hacer balance — [de una cuenta] to draw up a balance; [de existencias] to take stock, do the stocktaking

balance consolidado — consolidated balance sheet

balance de comprobación — trial balance

balance de pagos — balance of payments

balance de situación — balance sheet

2) (=resultado)

el balance de víctimas mortales en el accidente — the death toll in the accident, the number of dead in the accident

el equipo tiene un balance de dos victorias y tres derrotas — so far the team have had two wins and three defeats

un abogado con un buen balance de casos ganados — a lawyer who has won a good proportion of his cases

3) (=evaluación) [de hecho, situación] assessment, evaluation

los puntos negros en el balance del año académico — the black spots in the assessment o evaluation of the academic year

hizo balance de los cinco años de su gobierno — he assessed o evaluated o took stock of the five years of his government

4) (=balanceo) to-and-fro motion; [de un barco] roll, rolling

5) (=indecisión) vacillation

6) Caribe (=mecedora) rocking chair

* * *

masculino

1)

a) (resumen, valoración) assessment, evaluation

hacer balance de algo — to take stock of something, to evaluate something

b) ( resultado) result, outcome

un balance positivo/negativo — a positive/negative result o outcome

2) (Com, Fin)

a) ( inventario) stocktaking

b) (cálculo, cómputo) balance

c) ( documento) balance sheet

cuadrar un balance — to balance (off) the accounts

d) ( de cuenta) balance

* * *

= supply balance sheet, balance, balance sheet.

Ex. The OECD publishes annual supply balance sheets for meat, dairy products and eggs, and food consumption statistics, for each of its twenty-four member states.

Ex. The concept of such co-operation is very interesting and we continue to build a history of Stumpers activity to assess the balance of 'giving and taking'.

Ex. The balance sheets indicate the degree of dependence on certain imported minerals.

----

* balance bancario = bank balance.

* balance comercial = balance of trade, trade balance.

* balance de cuentas = financial statement.

* balance final = balance.

* balance final, el = bottom line, the.

* hacer balance de = take + stock of.

* hacer el balance de cuentas = balance + the cash, balance + the cash drawer.

* * *

masculino

1)

a) (resumen, valoración) assessment, evaluation

hacer balance de algo — to take stock of something, to evaluate something

b) ( resultado) result, outcome

un balance positivo/negativo — a positive/negative result o outcome

2) (Com, Fin)

a) ( inventario) stocktaking

b) (cálculo, cómputo) balance

c) ( documento) balance sheet

cuadrar un balance — to balance (off) the accounts

d) ( de cuenta) balance

* * *

= supply balance sheet, balance, balance sheet.

Ex: The OECD publishes annual supply balance sheets for meat, dairy products and eggs, and food consumption statistics, for each of its twenty-four member states.

Ex: The concept of such co-operation is very interesting and we continue to build a history of Stumpers activity to assess the balance of 'giving and taking'.

Ex: The balance sheets indicate the degree of dependence on certain imported minerals.

* balance bancario = bank balance.

* balance comercial = balance of trade, trade balance.

* balance de cuentas = financial statement.

* balance final = balance.

* balance final, el = bottom line, the.

* hacer balance de = take + stock of.

* hacer el balance de cuentas = balance + the cash, balance + the cash drawer.

* * *

balance

masculine

A

1

(resumen, valoración): elaboró un balance sobre sus dos años en el puesto she took stock of her two years in the job

hizo un balance económico y artístico del festival he evaluated o assessed the festival from a financial and artistic point of view

2 (resultado) result, outcome

su gestión arroja un balance positivo/negativo his management has produced positive/negative results

un total de 25 muertos es el balance definitivo del incendio the final death toll in the fire is 25

B ( Com, Fin)

1 (inventario) stocktaking

2 (cálculo, cómputo) balance

3 (documento) balance sheet

cuadrar un balance to balance (off) the accounts, to get the accounts to balance

4 (de una cuenta) balance

Compuesto:

balance de comprobación

masculine trial balance

* * *

balance sustantivo masculino
1
a) (resumen, valoración) assessment, evaluation;

hacer balance de algo to take stock of sth, to evaluate sth
b) ( resultado) result, outcome

2 (Com, Fin) (cálculo, cómputo) balance;
( documento) balance sheet;
( de cuenta) balance
balance sustantivo masculino
1 Fin balance
(documento financiero) balance sheet
2 (valoración, resultado) outcome: se desconoce el balance de víctimas, the number of victims is unknown
3 fig (reflexión, valoración) tienes que hacer balance de tu matrimonio, you must take stock of your marriage
' balance' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
balanza
- casar
- cuadrar
- deficitaria
- deficitario
- desequilibrar
- desnivelar
- desnivelada
- desnivelado
- deudor
- deudora
- equilibrar
- equilibrio
- nivelar
- saldo
- ajustar
- balancear
- contrapeso
- desequilibrado
- mantener
- perder
English:
balance
- balance of payments
- balance of power
- balance out
- balance sheet
- bank balance
- bottom line
- consolidate
- debit balance
- doctor
- off-balance
- outstanding
- quarterly statement
- trading results
- weekly statement
- bank
- credit
- fine
- footing
- over
- stock
- strike

* * *

balance nm

1. Com [operación] balance;
[documento] balance sheet
Comp
balance de comprobación trial balance;
balance consolidado consolidated balance sheet;

balance de inventario stock check;
Am balance de pagos balance of payments
2. [resultado] outcome;

el balance de la experiencia fue positivo on balance, the experience was a positive one;

el accidente tuvo un balance de seis heridos a total of six people were wounded in the accident;

el balance de muertos the death toll

3. [análisis, reflexión] assessment;

han hecho un balance positivo de la gestión del nuevo presidente their assessment of the new president's performance is positive;

al acabar la temporada, hicieron balance de los resultados at the end of the season they took stock of o reflected on their results

4. [en equipo de música] balance

5. Cuba [balancín] rocking chair

* * *

balance

m COM balance;

hacer balance do the books;

hacer el balance fig: de situación take stock

* * *

balance nm

1) : balance

2) : balance sheet

Spanish-English dictionary > balance
12 Chronology

15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.

400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.

202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.

137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.

410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.

714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.

1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.

1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.

1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.

1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.

1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).

1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.

1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.

1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.

1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.

1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.

1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.

1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.

1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.

1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.

1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.

1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.

1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.

1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.

1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.

1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.

1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.

1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).

1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.

1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.

1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.

1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.

   King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.

   King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.

1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.

1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.

1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.

   Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.

   Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.

   Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.

1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.

1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.

1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.

1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.

1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.

1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.

1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.

1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.

1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.

1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.

1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.

1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.

1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.

1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.

1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.

1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.

1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.

1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.

1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.

1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.

1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.

1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.

1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.

1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.

1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.

   Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.

   King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.

1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of

   Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.

   Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.

   King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.

1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.

1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.

1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.

1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.

1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.

1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.

   January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.

   Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.

1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.

1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.

1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.

1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.

1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.

   May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.

   March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.

   Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.

1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.

1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January

1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.

1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."

   28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.

   February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.

   April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.

1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.

1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."

1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.

   6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.

   8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.

1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.

1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.

1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).

   January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.

1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.

1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.

1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.

   March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.

   March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.

1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July

1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.

1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).

1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.

1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.

   January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.

   January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.

   November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.

   October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.

   January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.

   May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.

   October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.

   January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).

   United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.

   January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.

   1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).

   May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.

   June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.

   February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.

   January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.

   July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.

2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology
13 responsable

adj.

responsible.

responsable de responsible for

hacerse responsable de to take responsibility for; (responsabilizarse de) to claim responsibility for (atentado, secuestro)

f. & m.

1 person responsible.

los responsables those responsible

tú eres el responsable de… you're responsible for…

2 person in charge (encargado).

soy el responsable de la sección de ventas I'm in charge of the sales department

* * *

responsable

► adjetivo

1 responsible

■ es una niña muy responsable she's a very responsible girl

■ es responsable de las provisiones he's responsible for supplies

► nombre masulino o femenino

1 (encargado) person in charge

2 (de un crimen) perpetrator, culprit, person responsible

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

hacerse responsable de algo to assume responsibility for something

* * *

adj.

responsible

* * *

1. ADJ

1) (=sensato) responsible

es un niño muy responsable para su edad — he is very a responsible boy for his age

2) (=encargado) responsible, in charge

la persona responsable del departamento — the person in charge of the department, the person responsible for the department

es responsable de la política municipal — she is responsible for o in charge of council policy

3) (=culpable) responsible

el conductor responsable del accidente — the driver responsible for the accident

cada cual es responsable de sus acciones — everybody is responsible for their own actions

el fabricante es responsable de los daños causados — the manufacturer is liable for the damage caused

ser responsable ante algn de algo — to be accountable o answerable to sb for sth

• hacer a algn responsable de algo — to hold sb responsible for sth

• hacerse responsable de algo — to take responsibility for sth

no me hago responsable de lo que pueda pasar — I take no responsibility for what may happen

2. SMF

1) (=culpable)

tú eres la responsable de lo ocurrido — you're responsible for what happened

la policía busca a los responsables — the police are looking for the culprits

2) (=encargado)

quiero hablar con el responsable — I wish to speak to the person in charge

Ramón es el responsable de la cocina — Ramón is in charge of the kitchen

responsable de prensa — press officer

* * *
I
adjetivo

1) [SER]

a) ( concienzudo) responsible

b) ( de tarea)

responsable DE algo — responsible for something

2) ( culpable) responsible; ( con obligación de indemnizar) liable

responsable DE algo — responsible/liable for something

no es responsable de sus actos — he's not responsible for his actions

eres responsable ante mí del resultado — you're answerable o accountable to me for the result

nadie se ha hecho responsable del atentado — no one has claimed responsibility for the attack
II
masculino y femenino

a) ( de tarea)

el responsable del área de auditoría — the person responsible for audits

b) (de delito, accidente)

los responsables serán castigados — those responsible o the people responsible will be punished

* * *
I
adjetivo

1) [SER]

a) ( concienzudo) responsible

b) ( de tarea)

responsable DE algo — responsible for something

2) ( culpable) responsible; ( con obligación de indemnizar) liable

responsable DE algo — responsible/liable for something

no es responsable de sus actos — he's not responsible for his actions

eres responsable ante mí del resultado — you're answerable o accountable to me for the result

nadie se ha hecho responsable del atentado — no one has claimed responsibility for the attack
II
masculino y femenino

a) ( de tarea)

el responsable del área de auditoría — the person responsible for audits

b) (de delito, accidente)

los responsables serán castigados — those responsible o the people responsible will be punished

* * *

responsable¹

¹ = manager [manageress, -fem.], official, overseer, person-in-charge, chair, chairman [chairmen, pl.], chairperson [chairpersons, -pl.], chairwoman [chairwomen, pl.].

Nota: Femenino.

Ex: Such hosts are more likely to be accessed by end-users such as economists and managers, than information workers.

Ex: See also reference tracings include related headings such as personal and corporate headings for officials, pseudonyms used as uniform headings, etc.

Ex: At the top of the hierarchy would be the high officials and their families: the vizier, the overseer of the treasury, and the first priest.

Ex: Every fax machine is to be assigned to a person-in-charge who will have the responsibility of distributing incoming fax messages to recipients.

Ex: Once elected, the chair is responsible for maintaining discipline and ensuring that all students are treated fairly.

Ex: As head of a committee, and being recognized as such, it's perfectly all right with me if I'm called the chairman rather than the chairwoman.

Ex: Special thanks to the ISAD Program Planning Committee, in particular its chairperson, for the conceptual organization.

Ex: As head of a committee, and being recognized as such, it's perfectly all right with me if I'm called the chairman rather than the chairwoman.

* responsable de asuntos económicos = financial officer.

* responsable de bibliotecas = library official.

* responsable de la biblioteca = library manager.

* responsable de la comunicación = communication scientist.

* responsable de la conservación = preservation officer.

* responsable de la gestión de documentos = record(s) manager.

* responsable de la gestión documental = record(s) manager.

* responsable del archivo parroquial = parish clerk.

* responsable de la selección = selector.

* responsable de la tecnología de la información = information technologist.

* responsable del personal de la biblioteca = library personnel officer.

* responsable del servicio de emergencias = emergency official.

* responsable del servicio de referencia = reference administrator.

* responsable del sistema = system programmer.

* responsable de recursos humanos = human resource manager.

* responsable de seguridad = safety official.

* responsable de tomar decisiones = decision maker [decision-maker], policy maker [policy-maker/policymaker].

* responsable de ventas = sales manager.

* responsable político = government official.

* responsable público = public authority.

* responsables de la política científica = science policy makers.

* responsables, los = people in charge, the.

responsable²

² = accountable, parent, responsible.

Ex: This is because the chief librarian is personally accountable to the next higher level of authority such as the mayor, the city council, the hospital director, or the university president.

Ex: Library schools must build bridges such as joint programmes and joint professorships that link them with their parent academic institution.

Ex: As a mature, responsible professional I was acting quite within the bounds of proper professional behavior.

* hacer + Nombre + responsable de = put + Nombre + in the driving seat.

* hacer responsable = assume + responsibilitiy (for).

* hacerse responsable = assume + role.

* responsable ante = answerable to.

* responsable de = charged with.

* responsable de (+ Infinitivo) = responsible for (+ Gerundio).

* ser responsable = hold + liable.

* ser responsable ante la ley = be criminally liable.

* ser responsable de Algo = be held to account.

* * *

responsable¹

adjective

A [ SER]

1 (serio, concienzudo) responsible

2 (de una tarea) responsable DE algo responsible FOR sth

las personas responsables de vigilar la entrada the people responsible for watching the entrance

B (culpable) responsible; (con obligación de indemnizar) liable

responsable por daños liable for damages

responsable DE algo responsible/liable FOR sth

te hago responsable de lo que pueda pasar I am holding you responsible for what happens

no es responsable de sus actos he's not responsible for his actions

eres responsable ante mí del resultado you're answerable o accountable to me for the result

nadie se ha hecho responsable del atentado no one has claimed responsibility for the attack

responsable²

masculine and feminine

1

(de una tarea): el responsable del área de auditoría the head of audits, the person responsible for o in charge of audits

2

(de un delito, accidente): los responsables serán castigados those responsible o the people responsible will be punished

* * *

responsable adjetivo [SER] ( concienzudo) responsible;
responsable DE algo ‹de tarea/error› responsible for sth;
( culpable) responsible for sth;
‹de accidente/delito› liable for sth;
◊ nadie se ha hecho responsable del atentado no one has claimed responsibility for the attack

■ sustantivo masculino y femenino: el responsable de ventas the person responsible for sales;
los responsables serán castigados those responsible will be punished
responsable
I adjetivo
1 responsible
(sensato, cuidadoso): un niño muy responsable, a very responsible boy
2 (encargado) hablé con la persona responsable de la seguridad, I talked to the person in charge of security
3 (de una falta, delito, etc) liable: el conductor responsable del atropello será encarcelado, the driver responsible for the accident will be jailed
II mf
1 (en un establecimiento, una oficina, etc) the person in charge
2 (de otra persona, de una acción) responsible person
(de un delito, accidente, etc) perpetrator, culprit: los responsables del incendio se entregaron a la policía, the persons responsible for the fire turned themselves in to the police

' responsable' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
cabeza
- encargada
- encargado
- sino
- solvente
- artífice
- consciente
- fiar
- formal
- prudente
English:
accountable
- amenable
- fall
- liable
- management
- responsible
- sound
- transpire
- unaccountable
- answerable
- charge
- directly
- editor
- reliable
- solicitor

* * *

responsable

♦ adj

1. [de algo] responsible (de for); Der liable;

soy responsable de mis actos I'm responsible for my actions;

fue responsable del accidente he was responsible for the accident;

hacerse responsable de [responsabilizarse de] to take responsibility for;
[atentado, secuestro] to claim responsibility for
2. [sensato] responsible;

es muy responsable she's very responsible

♦ nmf

1. [culpable, autor] person responsible;
Der liable person;
los responsables those responsible/liable;

tú eres el responsable de… you're responsible/liable for…

2. [encargado] person in charge;

soy el responsable de la sección de ventas I'm in charge of the sales department

* * *

responsable

I adj responsible (de for)

II m/f person responsible (de for);

los responsables del crimen those responsible for the crime

* * *

responsable adj

: responsible

♦ responsablemente adv

* * *

responsable¹ adj responsible

responsable² n person in charge

Spanish-English dictionary > responsable
14 condición

f.

1 condition, shape.

2 situation, state.

3 condition, requisite, necessity, essential.

* * *

condición

► nombre femenino

1 (naturaleza) nature, condition

2 (carácter) nature, character

■ es de condición apacible he is a gentle person

3 (circunstancia) circumstance, condition

4 (estado social) status, position

■ de condición humilde of humble origins

5 (calidad) capacity

■ en su condición de profesor as a teacher

6 (exigencia) condition

■ nos puso la condición de que llegáramos pronto he made it a condition that we should arrive early

► nombre femenino plural condiciones

1 (estado) condition sing, state sing

■ condiciones de salud state of health

2 (aptitud) aptitude sing, talent sing

■ tiene condiciones para el canto she has a talent for singing

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

a condición de que... provided (that)...

con la condición de que... on the condition that...

en estas condiciones under these circumstances

estar en condiciones de hacer algo (físicas) to be fit to do something 2 (posición, autoridad) to be in a position to do something

estar en malas condiciones (gen) to be in a bad state, be in bad condition 2 (comida) to be off

poner en condiciones to get ready

condiciones de pago conditions of payment

condiciones de trabajo working conditions

condiciones requeridas requirements

persona de condición high-class person

* * *

noun f.

1) condition

2) position

* * *

SF

1) (=requisito) condition

lo haré con una condición — I'll do it on one condition

ha puesto como condición el que se respeten los derechos humanos — he has made it a condition that human rights be respected

están negociando las condiciones de la entrega de los rehenes — they are negotiating the conditions for the release of the hostages

las condiciones del contrato — the terms o conditions of the contract

• a condición de que..., con la condición de que... — on condition that...

te dejaré salir con la condición de que no vuelvas tarde — I'll let you go out provided (that) o on condition (that) you don't come back late

acepté a condición de que no dijera nada a nadie — I agreed on condition that he didn't say anything to anyone

• condición indispensable — essential condition

• condición previa — precondition

• entregarse o rendirse sin condiciones — to surrender unconditionally

rendición sin condiciones — unconditional surrender

• condición sine qua non — essential condition, sine qua non

condiciones de favor — concessionary terms

condiciones de pago — terms of payment, payment terms

condiciones de uso — instructions for use

condiciones de venta — terms of sale, conditions of sale

condiciones económicas — [de contrato] financial terms; [de profesional] fees
pliego
2) pl condiciones

a) (=situación) conditions

las condiciones de luz eran muy buenas — the light conditions were very good

si se dan las condiciones adecuadas, ganaremos las elecciones — if the conditions are right, we will win the election

viven en condiciones infrahumanas — they live in subhuman conditions

en condiciones normales — under normal conditions o circumstances

• estar en (buenas) condiciones — [lugar, máquina] to be in good condition; [alimentos] to be fresh; [deportista] to be fit

el terreno de juego está en perfectas condiciones — the pitch is in perfect condition

el coche se encuentra en excelentes condiciones — the car is in excellent condition

esa leche no está en buenas condiciones — that milk is not fresh

• estar en condiciones de o para hacer algo — [enfermo] to be well o fit enough to do sth; [deportista] to be fit (enough) to do sth

la industria automovilística no está en condiciones de enfrentarse a la competencia — the car industry is not in a condition to face up to competition

• estar en malas condiciones — [coche, libro, campo de juego] to be in bad condition

me devolvieron el libro en pésimas condiciones — they returned the book to me in a terrible state o condition

el queso estaba en malas condiciones — the cheese had gone bad, the cheese was off

b)

• en condiciones — (=decente) proper

no tengo tiempo de echarme una siesta en condiciones — I don't have time for a proper siesta

antes de irnos lo dejaremos todo en condiciones — we'll leave everything in order before we go

c) (=cualidades)

no tiene condiciones para la pintura — she is not cut out to be a painter

no reúne las condiciones necesarias para este trabajo — he doesn't fulfil the requirements for this job

el edificio no reúne condiciones para museo — the building is not suitable for use as a museum

condiciones de trabajo — working conditions

condiciones de vida — living conditions

condiciones físicas — physical condition sing

el equipo se encuentra en excelentes condiciones físicas — the team is in excellent physical condition

no está en condiciones físicas de boxear — he is not physically fit (enough) to box

condiciones laborales — working conditions

condiciones sanitarias — [de bar, restaurante] health requirements; [de hospital] sanitary conditions
igualdad 1), inferioridad
3) (=naturaleza) condition

la condición humana — the human condition

el derecho a no ser discriminada por su condición de mujer — the right not to be discriminated against on the grounds of being o because one is a woman

tiene muy buena condición — he's very good-natured

4) (=clase social) social background

personas de distinta condición — people of different social backgrounds

personas de humilde condición — people from a humble background

5) (=posición) position

su condición de artista no lo autoriza a hacer eso — his position as an artist does not allow him to do this

les pidieron algún documento acreditativo de su condición de pasajeros — they were asked for some documentary evidence proving that they were passengers

en su condición de presidente — in his capacity as president

* * *

femenino

1) ( requisito) condition

sin condiciones — unconditionally

a condición or con la condición de que — on condition (that)

acepto con una condición — I accept on one condition

te lo presto a condición de que me lo devuelvas mañana — I'll lend it to you as long as o provided (that) you give it back tomorrow

las condiciones de un contrato — the terms o conditions of a contract

- condiciones de venta

- condición sine qua non

2)

a) (calidad, situación)

en su condición de sacerdote — as a priest

en su condición de jefe de la delegación — in his capacity as head of the delegation

su condición de extranjero le impide participar — as o being a foreigner he is not allowed to take part

b) ( naturaleza) condition

la condición femenina — the feminine condition

c) ( clase social) condition (dated), class

de condición humilde — of humble condition o origins

alguien de su condición — someone of your social position

d) (Med) condition

- condición humana

3) condiciones femenino plural (estado, circunstancias) conditions (pl)

condiciones meteorológicas — weather conditions

refrigerar para conservar en óptimas condiciones — refrigerate to keep (product) at its best

estar en perfectas condiciones — coche/mueble to be in perfect condition; persona to be in good shape

la carne estaba en malas condiciones — the meat was unfit for consumption

deja tu cuarto en condiciones — leave your room neat and tidy

todo tiene que estar en condiciones para el comienzo del curso — everything must be ready for the beginning of the school year

estar en condiciones de jugar/trabajar — to be fit to play/work

no estoy en condiciones de hacer un viaje tan caro — I am not in a position to go on such an expensive trip

- condiciones de trabajo/de vida

4) condiciones femenino plural ( aptitudes) talent

tiene condiciones para la música — she has a talent for music

no tiene condiciones para ese trabajo — he is not suited to that job

* * *

= provision, requirement, state, status, stipulation, proviso, rider, condition, stamp, stripe, station in life.

Ex. Chapter 9 considered the provisions for selecting headings for added entries.

Ex. The most appropriate type of abstract must be chosen in accordance with the requirements of each individual application.

Ex. Before she could respond and follow up with a question about her distraught state, Feng escaped to the women's room.

Ex. AACR2 assigns this main entry status to the person who is chiefly responsible for the creation of the intellectual or artistic content of a work.

Ex. The city fathers endorsed this project with the stipulation that a librarian or 'book-lover' should be available to assist patrons.

Ex. The term thesaurus will be used here to denote such lists, with the proviso that this is strictly speaking a misuse of the term.

Ex. This latter point is born out in a survey of the information needs of Californians, which, in affirming the existence of such needs, added the rider that Californians 'do not always perceive these needs to be related to information'.

Ex. He was laid upon the bed and upon examination his head was found in a terrible condition, swelled and bruised from the effect of sandbag blows.

Ex. The new heir apparent is probably a man of a very different stamp.

Ex. The field of computational linguistics is exciting insomuch as it permits linguists of different stripes to model language behaviour.

Ex. Each of us -- no matter what our politics, our religion, our race, or our station in life -- must search his conscience for the answer to that question.

----

* aceptar las condiciones = agree + terms.

* a condición de que + Subjuntivo = provided (that), providing (that), as long as.

* área del número normalizado y de las condiciones de adquisición = International Standard Book Number and terms of availability area, standard number and terms of availability area.

* bajo ciertas condiciones = under certain conditions.

* buena condición física = physical fitness.

* con condiciones especiales = strings attached.

* condición de búsqueda = search requirement.

* condición de estado = statehood.

* condición de estar apto para volar = airworthiness.

* condición deplorable = dismaying condition.

* condiciones = specifications, terms, terms and conditions, physical conditions, walks (of/in) life.

* condiciones ambientales = environmental conditions, ambient conditions.

* condiciones atmosféricas = atmospheric conditions.

* condiciones climáticas = climatic conditions.

* condiciones contractuales = terms and conditions.

* condiciones de adquisición = obtainability conditions.

* condiciones de adquisición y/o precio = terms of availability and/or price.

* condiciones de almacenamiento = storage conditions.

* condiciones de la licencia = licence terms, licence terms and conditions.

* condiciones del contrato de trabajo = terms of employment.

* condiciones de trabajo = working conditions.

* condiciones de uso = terms of use.

* condiciones de venta = terms of sale.

* condiciones de vida = living conditions.

* condiciones económicas = economic conditions.

* condiciones físicas = physical conditions.

* condiciones iguales para todos = level playing field.

* condiciones inhumanas = inhumane conditions.

* condiciones laborales = working conditions, occupational conditions, work conditions, work life.

* condiciones laborales de calidad = quality of work life (QWL).

* condiciones legales de uso = legal boilerplate.

* condiciones medioambientales = environmental conditions.

* condiciones metereológicas = weather conditions.

* condiciones metereológicas extremas = severe weather, severe weather conditions.

* condiciones sociales = walks (of/in) life.

* condición física = physical shape.

* condición humana = human nature.

* condición humana, la = human condition, the.

* condición previa = precondition [pre-condition].

* condición social = social condition, station in life.

* con la condición de que = on the understanding that, with the condition that, on the condition that.

* cumplir la condición de la búsqueda = match + request specification.

* cumplir las condiciones para = be eligible for.

* cumplir una condición = meet + condition, satisfy + condition, fill + requirement.

* daño producido por las condiciones ambientales = environmental damage.

* destrozo producido por las condiciones ambientales = environmental damage.

* en buena condición = in good condition, in good shape, in good nick.

* en buenas condiciones para navegar = seaworthy.

* en condiciones = decent.

* en condiciones de = in the position to.

* en condiciones de igualdad = on an equal footing, on equal terms, on an equal basis.

* en condiciones difíciles = under difficult conditions.

* en excelentes condiciones = in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.

* en igualdad de condiciones = other things being equal, on equal terms, one of equals, ceteris paribus, in a tie, on an equal footing, on an equal basis, all (other) things being equal.

* en igualdad de condiciones para todos los sexos = gender-equitable.

* en las mejores condiciones posibles = in the best possible conditions.

* en malas condiciones = in poor condition, in bad condition, in bad shape, in poor shape.

* establecer una condición = specify + requirement.

* estar en igualdad de condiciones con = be on (an) equal footing with.

* estar en inferioridad de condiciones = punch above + Posesivo + weight.

* igualdad de condiciones para todos = levelling of the playing field.

* imponer una condición = place + limitation.

* mantener la condición (de) = retain + Posesivo + status (as).

* mejora de las condiciones laborales = horizontal ladder.

* negociar condiciones = negotiate + terms.

* que reúne las condiciones = qualified.

* reunir las condiciones = fit + the bill.

* reunir las condiciones para = qualify for.

* reunir una serie de condiciones = meet + set of conditions.

* según sus propias condiciones = on + Posesivo + own terms, in + Posesivo + own terms.

* sin condiciones = unconditionally.

* sin condiciones especiales = with no strings attached.

* términos y condiciones = terms and conditions.

* términos y condiciones de la licencia = licence terms and conditions, licence terms.

* tratamiento por condiciones = condition approach.

* * *

femenino

1) ( requisito) condition

sin condiciones — unconditionally

a condición or con la condición de que — on condition (that)

acepto con una condición — I accept on one condition

te lo presto a condición de que me lo devuelvas mañana — I'll lend it to you as long as o provided (that) you give it back tomorrow

las condiciones de un contrato — the terms o conditions of a contract

- condiciones de venta

- condición sine qua non

2)

a) (calidad, situación)

en su condición de sacerdote — as a priest

en su condición de jefe de la delegación — in his capacity as head of the delegation

su condición de extranjero le impide participar — as o being a foreigner he is not allowed to take part

b) ( naturaleza) condition

la condición femenina — the feminine condition

c) ( clase social) condition (dated), class

de condición humilde — of humble condition o origins

alguien de su condición — someone of your social position

d) (Med) condition

- condición humana

3) condiciones femenino plural (estado, circunstancias) conditions (pl)

condiciones meteorológicas — weather conditions

refrigerar para conservar en óptimas condiciones — refrigerate to keep (product) at its best

estar en perfectas condiciones — coche/mueble to be in perfect condition; persona to be in good shape

la carne estaba en malas condiciones — the meat was unfit for consumption

deja tu cuarto en condiciones — leave your room neat and tidy

todo tiene que estar en condiciones para el comienzo del curso — everything must be ready for the beginning of the school year

estar en condiciones de jugar/trabajar — to be fit to play/work

no estoy en condiciones de hacer un viaje tan caro — I am not in a position to go on such an expensive trip

- condiciones de trabajo/de vida

4) condiciones femenino plural ( aptitudes) talent

tiene condiciones para la música — she has a talent for music

no tiene condiciones para ese trabajo — he is not suited to that job

* * *

= provision, requirement, state, status, stipulation, proviso, rider, condition, stamp, stripe, station in life.

Ex: Chapter 9 considered the provisions for selecting headings for added entries.

Ex: The most appropriate type of abstract must be chosen in accordance with the requirements of each individual application.

Ex: Before she could respond and follow up with a question about her distraught state, Feng escaped to the women's room.

Ex: AACR2 assigns this main entry status to the person who is chiefly responsible for the creation of the intellectual or artistic content of a work.

Ex: The city fathers endorsed this project with the stipulation that a librarian or 'book-lover' should be available to assist patrons.

Ex: The term thesaurus will be used here to denote such lists, with the proviso that this is strictly speaking a misuse of the term.

Ex: This latter point is born out in a survey of the information needs of Californians, which, in affirming the existence of such needs, added the rider that Californians 'do not always perceive these needs to be related to information'.

Ex: He was laid upon the bed and upon examination his head was found in a terrible condition, swelled and bruised from the effect of sandbag blows.

Ex: The new heir apparent is probably a man of a very different stamp.

Ex: The field of computational linguistics is exciting insomuch as it permits linguists of different stripes to model language behaviour.

Ex: Each of us -- no matter what our politics, our religion, our race, or our station in life -- must search his conscience for the answer to that question.

* aceptar las condiciones = agree + terms.

* a condición de que + Subjuntivo = provided (that), providing (that), as long as.

* área del número normalizado y de las condiciones de adquisición = International Standard Book Number and terms of availability area, standard number and terms of availability area.

* bajo ciertas condiciones = under certain conditions.

* buena condición física = physical fitness.

* con condiciones especiales = strings attached.

* condición de búsqueda = search requirement.

* condición de estado = statehood.

* condición de estar apto para volar = airworthiness.

* condición deplorable = dismaying condition.

* condiciones = specifications, terms, terms and conditions, physical conditions, walks (of/in) life.

* condiciones ambientales = environmental conditions, ambient conditions.

* condiciones atmosféricas = atmospheric conditions.

* condiciones climáticas = climatic conditions.

* condiciones contractuales = terms and conditions.

* condiciones de adquisición = obtainability conditions.

* condiciones de adquisición y/o precio = terms of availability and/or price.

* condiciones de almacenamiento = storage conditions.

* condiciones de la licencia = licence terms, licence terms and conditions.

* condiciones del contrato de trabajo = terms of employment.

* condiciones de trabajo = working conditions.

* condiciones de uso = terms of use.

* condiciones de venta = terms of sale.

* condiciones de vida = living conditions.

* condiciones económicas = economic conditions.

* condiciones físicas = physical conditions.

* condiciones iguales para todos = level playing field.

* condiciones inhumanas = inhumane conditions.

* condiciones laborales = working conditions, occupational conditions, work conditions, work life.

* condiciones laborales de calidad = quality of work life (QWL).

* condiciones legales de uso = legal boilerplate.

* condiciones medioambientales = environmental conditions.

* condiciones metereológicas = weather conditions.

* condiciones metereológicas extremas = severe weather, severe weather conditions.

* condiciones sociales = walks (of/in) life.

* condición física = physical shape.

* condición humana = human nature.

* condición humana, la = human condition, the.

* condición previa = precondition [pre-condition].

* condición social = social condition, station in life.

* con la condición de que = on the understanding that, with the condition that, on the condition that.

* cumplir la condición de la búsqueda = match + request specification.

* cumplir las condiciones para = be eligible for.

* cumplir una condición = meet + condition, satisfy + condition, fill + requirement.

* daño producido por las condiciones ambientales = environmental damage.

* destrozo producido por las condiciones ambientales = environmental damage.

* en buena condición = in good condition, in good shape, in good nick.

* en buenas condiciones para navegar = seaworthy.

* en condiciones = decent.

* en condiciones de = in the position to.

* en condiciones de igualdad = on an equal footing, on equal terms, on an equal basis.

* en condiciones difíciles = under difficult conditions.

* en excelentes condiciones = in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.

* en igualdad de condiciones = other things being equal, on equal terms, one of equals, ceteris paribus, in a tie, on an equal footing, on an equal basis, all (other) things being equal.

* en igualdad de condiciones para todos los sexos = gender-equitable.

* en las mejores condiciones posibles = in the best possible conditions.

* en malas condiciones = in poor condition, in bad condition, in bad shape, in poor shape.

* establecer una condición = specify + requirement.

* estar en igualdad de condiciones con = be on (an) equal footing with.

* estar en inferioridad de condiciones = punch above + Posesivo + weight.

* igualdad de condiciones para todos = levelling of the playing field.

* imponer una condición = place + limitation.

* mantener la condición (de) = retain + Posesivo + status (as).

* mejora de las condiciones laborales = horizontal ladder.

* negociar condiciones = negotiate + terms.

* que reúne las condiciones = qualified.

* reunir las condiciones = fit + the bill.

* reunir las condiciones para = qualify for.

* reunir una serie de condiciones = meet + set of conditions.

* según sus propias condiciones = on + Posesivo + own terms, in + Posesivo + own terms.

* sin condiciones = unconditionally.

* sin condiciones especiales = with no strings attached.

* términos y condiciones = terms and conditions.

* términos y condiciones de la licencia = licence terms and conditions, licence terms.

* tratamiento por condiciones = condition approach.

* * *

condición

feminine

A (requisito) condition

las condiciones del contrato the terms o conditions of the contract

se rindieron sin condiciones they surrendered unconditionally

a condiciónor con la condición de que on condition (that)

aceptó con la condición de que le aumentaran el sueldo he accepted on condition (that) they increased his salary

te lo presto a condición de que me lo devuelvas mañana I'll lend it to you as long as o provided (that) o providing (that) you give it back tomorrow

Compuestos:

● condiciones de entrega

fpl terms of delivery (pl)

● condiciones de pago

fpl terms of payment (pl)

● condiciones de venta

fpl conditions of sale (pl)

● condición de verdad

truth condition

● condición sine qua non

sine qua non ( frml)

dominar el inglés es condición sine qua non para el puesto a thorough knowledge of English is an essential requirement o a sine qua non for the job

B

1

(calidad, situación): en su condición de sacerdote as a priest

en su condición de jefe de la delegación in his capacity as head of the delegation

en su condición de diplomático tiene inmunidad as a diplomat, he has immunity, his diplomatic position o status gives him immunity

su condición de empleado de la empresa le impide participar en el concurso as o being an employee of the company, he is not permitted to enter the competition

2 (naturaleza) condition

la condición femenina the feminine condition

3 (clase social) condition ( dated), class

un hombre de condición humilde a man of humble condition o origins

una persona de su condición someone of your status o class

Compuesto:

condición humana

la condición humana the human condition

C condiciones fpl (estado, circunstancias) conditions (pl)

viven en condiciones infrahumanas they are living in subhuman conditions

condiciones meteorológicas weather conditions

competir en las mismas condiciones to compete on the same terms

las condiciones económicas son favorables para la inversión economic conditions are o the economic climate is favorable for investment

[ S ] refrigerar para conservar en óptimas condiciones refrigerate to keep (product) at its best

está en perfectas condiciones it is in perfect condition

la carne estaba en malas condiciones the meat was unfit for consumption, the meat was bad o ( BrE) off

se lo dejaremos todo en condiciones we will leave it in good order

todo tiene que estar en condiciones para el comienzo del curso everything must be ready o in order for the beginning of the school year

devolvieron la casa en pésimas condiciones they left the house in a terrible condition o state

condiciones DE + INF:

estará en condiciones de jugar el lunes he will be fit to play on Monday

no estoy en condiciones de hacer un viaje tan costoso I can't afford such an expensive trip, I am not in a position to go on such an expensive trip

no estás en condiciones de venir con exigencias you are not in a position to come making demands

Compuestos:

● condiciones de trabajo or laborales

fpl working conditions (pl)

● condiciones de vida

fpl living conditions (pl)

D condiciones fpl (aptitudes) talent

tiene condiciones para la música she has a talent o flair for music

no tiene condiciones para ese trabajo he is not suited to o ( colloq) cut out for that job

* * *

condición sustantivo femenino
1 ( requisito) condition;
◊ sin condiciones unconditionally;

a condición or con la condición de que on condition (that);
acepto con una condición I accept on one condition;
me puso una condición she made one condition
2
a) (calidad, situación):

◊ en su condición de sacerdote as a priest;

en su condición de jefe de la delegación in his capacity as head of the delegation
b) ( naturaleza) condition;

◊ la condición humana the human condition

3
◊ condiciones sustantivo femenino plural

a) (estado, circunstancias) conditions (pl);

◊ condiciones de trabajo/de vida working/living conditions;

estar en perfectas condiciones [coche/mueble] to be in perfect condition;

[ persona] to be in good shape;
◊ estar en condiciones de hacer algo (de ayudar,exigir) to be in a position to do sth;

(de correr, viajar,jugar) to be fit to do sth
b) ( aptitudes) talent;

◊ tener condiciones para algo (para la música, el arte) to have a talent for sth;

( para un trabajo) to be suited for sth
condición
I sustantivo femenino
1 (requisito) condition: te lo presto con la condición de que lo cuides, I lend you it on the condition that you look after it
2 (situación social) status: es de condición humilde, he has a humble background
3 (calidad) acudió en condición de ministro, he came in his capacity as minister
II fpl 1 condiciones (circunstancias) conditions: las condiciones de trabajo son pésimas, working conditions are terrible
no está en condiciones de exigir, he isn't in a position to demand anything
2 (estado) condition
en buenas/malas condiciones, in good/bad condition
3 (aptitudes) talent: tiene muchas condiciones para la danza, she has a talent for dancing
' condición' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
adherencia
- carácter
- cuanta
- cuanto
- expresa
- expreso
- hacer
- humildad
- humilde
- salvedad
- si
- siempre
- calidad
- cumplir
- dependencia
- franquicia
- mientras
- solo
English:
average
- be
- condition
- deterioration
- fellow
- form
- fulfil
- fulfill
- if
- on
- physical condition
- precondition
- prerequisite
- provided
- proviso
- rider
- shape
- state
- stiff
- subject
- understanding
- stipulation

* * *

condición nf

1. [término, estipulación] condition;

para votar es condición ser mayor de edad in order to vote you have to be of age;

poner condiciones to set conditions;

con la o [m5] a condición de que on condition that;

con una sola condición on one condition;

sin condiciones unconditional;

las condiciones de un contrato the terms of a contract;

condiciones acostumbradas/convenidas usual/agreed terms

Comp
condiciones de entrega terms of delivery;
condiciones de pago payment terms, terms of payment;

condición sine qua non prerequisite;

tener experiencia con Esp [m5] ordenadores o Am [m5] computadores es condición sine qua non para obtener este trabajo a knowledge of computers is essential for this job;

condiciones de venta conditions of sale

2. [estado] condition;

en buenas/malas condiciones in good/bad condition;

tiró la leche porque estaba en malas condiciones she threw the milk away because it was off;

deseamos participar en condiciones de igualdad we want to participate on equal terms;

estar en condiciones de o [m5] para hacer algo [físicamente] to be in a fit state to do sth;
[por la situación] to be in a position to do sth;
no estar en condiciones [carne, pescado] to be off;
[vivienda] to be unfit for living in; [instalaciones] to be unfit for use;
no están en condiciones de exigir demasiado they are not in a position to make too many demands;

la sala no reúne las condiciones necesarias para que se celebre el concierto the hall does not meet the necessary requirements for the concert to be held there;

en tres días me dejaron la moto en condiciones they fixed my motorbike for me in just three days;

no estaba en condiciones de jugar he wasn't fit to play

3.
condiciones [circunstancias] conditions

Comp
condiciones atmosféricas weather conditions;
condiciones de trabajo working conditions;

condiciones de vida living conditions

4. [clase social] social class;

de condición humilde of humble circumstances;

en la manifestación había gente de toda condición there were people of every description at the demonstration

5. [naturaleza] nature;

la condición femenina/humana the feminine/human condition;

un adolescente de condición rebelde a rebellious youth;

mi condición de mujer… the fact that I am a woman…

6. [calidad] capacity;

en su condición de abogado in his capacity as a lawyer;

en su condición de parlamentario, tiene derecho a un despacho as an MP, he has the right to an office;

su condición de monarca no le permite opinar sobre ese asunto as the monarch, he is not permitted to express an opinion on this matter

7. [aptitud]
es un abogado de excelentes condiciones he's an extremely able lawyer;

tiene condiciones para la pintura she has a gift for painting;

no tiene condiciones para estudiar medicina he's not good enough to study medicine

* * *

condición

f

1 condition;

a condición de que on condition that;

condición previa precondition;

sin condiciones with no conditions attached

2 ( situación, estado)

:

estar en condiciones de be in a position to;

condición física physical condition;

estar en buenas/malas condiciones be in good/bad condition;

estar en condiciones be fit

* * *

condición nf, pl - ciones

1) : condition, state

2) : capacity, position

3) condiciones nfpl

: conditions, circumstances

condiciones de vida: living conditions

* * *

condición n condition / state

la casa está en buenas condiciones the house is in good condition

estos alimentos están en malas condiciones this food is bad

me puso una condición she set one condition

a condición de que on condition that

estar en condiciones (físicamente) to be fit (en posición) to be in a position

no estás en condiciones para juzgar you're in no position to judge

Spanish-English dictionary > condición
15 procéder

procéder [pʀɔsede]

➭ TABLE 6

1. intransitive verb

to proceed ; (moralement) to behave

• procéder par ordre to take things one by one

• procéder avec prudence to proceed with caution

• je n'aime pas sa façon de procéder (envers les gens) I don't like the way he behaves (towards people)

2. indirect transitive verb

• procéder à [+ enquête, expérience] to conduct ; [+ dépouillement] to start

• procéder au vote to take a vote ( sur on)

• procéder à l'élection du nouveau président to hold an election for the new president

* * *
pʀɔsede
1.

procéder à verbe transitif indirect ( se livrer)

procéder à — to carry out [analyse, vérification, sondage]; to undertake [réforme, création d'emplois]

procéder à un tirage au sort/un vote — to hold a draw/a vote

procéder à l'arrestation de quelqu'un — to arrest somebody

2.

procéder de verbe transitif indirect

procéder de — to be a product of

3.

verbe intransitif ( agir) to go about things

comment allez-vous procéder? — how are you going to go about it?

procéder par élimination — to use a process of elimination

* * *
pʀɔsede vi
1) (= agir) to proceed

Ce n'est pas ainsi qu'il faut procéder. — That's not the way to proceed.

2) (moralement) to behave

Je n'aime pas cette façon de procéder. — I don't like this way of going on.

3)

procéder à (= effectuer) — to carry out

Ils ont ensuite procédé à l'analyse des échantillons. — They then carried out an analysis of the samples.

4)

procéder de (= relever, tenir) — to be a product of

* * *

procéder verb table: céder

A procéder à vtr ind ( se livrer) procéder à to carry out [analyse, vérification, sondage]; to undertake [réforme, création d'emplois]; procéder à des opérations financières to carry out financial transactions; procéder à un tirage au sort/un vote to hold a draw/a vote; procéder à l'arrestation de qn to arrest sb; procéder à des arrestations to make arrests.

B procéder de vtr ind ( relever) procéder de to be a product of; imagination qui procède d'un esprit pervers imagination which is the product of a perverted mind; évaluation qui procède de l'intuition assessment which is a product of intuition.

C vi ( agir) to go about things; procéder par ordre to go about things methodically; comment allez-vous procéder? how are you going to go about it?; procéder par élimination to use a process of elimination.

[prɔsede] verbe intransitif

1. [progresser] to proceed

procédons par ordre let's do one thing at a time

2. [se conduire] to behave

j'apprécie sa manière de procéder avec nous I like the way he deals with us

————————

procéder à verbe plus préposition

1. [effectuer] to conduct

procéder à une étude to conduct a study

procéder à un examen approfondi de la situation to examine the situation thoroughly

procéder à l'élection du bureau national du parti to elect the national executive of the party

2. DROIT

procéder à l'arrestation d'un criminel to arrest a criminal

procéder à l'ouverture d'un testament to open a will

————————

procéder de verbe plus préposition

1. (littéraire) [provenir de] to proceed from, to originate in

tous ses problèmes procèdent d'une mauvaise administration all his problems spring ou derive from poor management

2. RELIGION to proceed from

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > procéder
16 actual

adj.

1 present, current.

el actual alcalde the present o current mayor

las tendencias actuales de la moda current fashion trends

el actual campeón del mundo the current o reigning world champion

2 modern, present-day.

tiene un diseño muy actual it has a very modern o up-to-date design

3 topical.

un tema muy actual a very topical issue

4 indisputable, factual, undeniable.

* * *

actual

► adjetivo

1 present, current

■ dadas las circunstancias actuales under the present circumstances

2 (actualizado) up-to-date

■ ese es un tema muy actual that's a very topical subject

► nombre masculino

1 formal this month

■ el doce del actual the 12th of this month

* * *

adj.

1) current, present

2) topical

3) up-to-date

* * *

ADJ

1) (=de ahora) [situación, sistema, gobernante] current, present; [sociedad] contemporary, present-day; [moda] current, modern

el actual campeón de Europa — the reigning o current o present European champion

en el momento actual — at the present moment

la actual literatura francesa — French literature today, present-day French literature

eso no le interesa a la juventud actual — that doesn't interest young people today

el 6 del actual — the 6th of this month

2) (=de actualidad) [cuestión, tema] topical

en la reunión trataron temas muy actuales — they dealt with highly topical issues in the meeting

3) (=moderno) up-to-date, fashionable

ha cambiado su peinado por otro algo más actual — he's changed his hairstyle for a more up-to-date o fashionable one

corbatas de diseño muy actual — very fashionable-looking ties

emplean las técnicas más actuales — they use the most up-to-date o up-to-the-minute techniques, they use the latest techniques

* * *

adjetivo present, current

el actual campeón — the current o reigning champion

en las circunstancias actuales — in the present circumstances

en el Chile actual — in present-day Chile

en el mundo actual — in the modern world, in today's world

una moda actual — an up-to-the-minute style

su carta del 20 del actual — (Corresp) your letter of the 20th of this month

* * *

= alive, current, modern day, present, present-day, timely, fast-breaking, updated [up-dated].

Ex. Armstrong Sperry's 'Call It Courage' is now some years old but still to my mind an attractive and alive book.

Ex. Current trends favour cataloguing practices which can be applied to a variety of library materials.

Ex. In practice modern day catalogue codes are concerned primarily with description and author headings.

Ex. We are going to use the data elements defined in the present document as a base from which to begin.

Ex. The National Archives must cooperate with agencies involved in federal geoscience to communicate clear records disposition instructions to present-day federal geoscientists.

Ex. I believe that the issues brought forth and debated in the following papers and discussions are as timely today as they were when the institutes were first held.

Ex. Monitors tuned to television news may have to be located in areas that are less than accommodating to the large numbers of users who want to know the fast-breaking events which affect us all.

Ex. Libraries can obtain updated cataloguing through special customised services, but at prohibitively high cost.

----

* actual campeón, el = defending champion.

* contexto actual, el = scheme of things, the.

* dejar de ser actual = date.

* en el clima actual de = in the present climate of.

* en términos actuales = in today's terms.

* estatus actual = current status.

* informe sobre la situación actual = state of the art report.

* líder actual, el = defending champion.

* no actual = non-current.

* número actual = current issue.

* pasado actual, el = living past, the.

* situación actual = current situation, current status.

* situación actual, la = scheme of things, the.

* tendencia actual = current trend.

* * *

adjetivo present, current

el actual campeón — the current o reigning champion

en las circunstancias actuales — in the present circumstances

en el Chile actual — in present-day Chile

en el mundo actual — in the modern world, in today's world

una moda actual — an up-to-the-minute style

su carta del 20 del actual — (Corresp) your letter of the 20th of this month

* * *

= alive, current, modern day, present, present-day, timely, fast-breaking, updated [up-dated].

Ex: Armstrong Sperry's 'Call It Courage' is now some years old but still to my mind an attractive and alive book.

Ex: Current trends favour cataloguing practices which can be applied to a variety of library materials.

Ex: In practice modern day catalogue codes are concerned primarily with description and author headings.

Ex: We are going to use the data elements defined in the present document as a base from which to begin.

Ex: The National Archives must cooperate with agencies involved in federal geoscience to communicate clear records disposition instructions to present-day federal geoscientists.

Ex: I believe that the issues brought forth and debated in the following papers and discussions are as timely today as they were when the institutes were first held.

Ex: Monitors tuned to television news may have to be located in areas that are less than accommodating to the large numbers of users who want to know the fast-breaking events which affect us all.

Ex: Libraries can obtain updated cataloguing through special customised services, but at prohibitively high cost.

* actual campeón, el = defending champion.

* contexto actual, el = scheme of things, the.

* dejar de ser actual = date.

* en el clima actual de = in the present climate of.

* en términos actuales = in today's terms.

* estatus actual = current status.

* informe sobre la situación actual = state of the art report.

* líder actual, el = defending champion.

* no actual = non-current.

* número actual = current issue.

* pasado actual, el = living past, the.

* situación actual = current situation, current status.

* situación actual, la = scheme of things, the.

* tendencia actual = current trend.

* * *

actual

adjective

present

el actual primer ministro the present prime minister, the incumbent prime minister ( frml)

el actual campeón the current o present o reigning champion

en las circunstancias actuales in the present circumstances

la acción transcurre en el Chile actual the action takes place in present-day Chile

en el mundo actual in the modern world, in today's world

datos del actual ejercicio data for the current o present financial year

una moda actual para la mujer moderna an up-to-the-minute fashion for the modern woman

la legislación actual the current o present legislation

su carta del 20 del actual ( Corresp) your letter of the 20th of this month, your letter of the 20th inst. ( frml)

* * *

actual adjetivo ‹ley/situación/dirección› present, current;
◊ en el Chile actual in present-day Chile;

en el mundo actual in the modern world, in today's world
actual adjetivo
1 current, present
el actual presidente del Gobierno, the current president of the Government
2 (que está al día, moderno) up-to-date
un diseño muy actual, a very up-to date design ➣ Ver nota en actual

' actual' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
corriente
- desvirtuar
- dimanar
- estar
- hoy
- real
- mantener
- material
- moderno
- presente
English:
actual
- arms race
- assessment
- current
- defending champion
- euro
- existent
- existing
- ongoing
- present
- present-day
- record holder
- reigning
- contemporary
- defending
- full
- real
- reign
- topical
- true
- very
- wage

* * *

actual adj

1. [del momento presente] present, current;

las tendencias actuales de la moda current fashion trends;

el actual alcalde de la ciudad the city's present o current mayor;

el actual campeón del mundo the current o reigning world champion;

el seis del actual the sixth of this month

2. [de moda] modern, up-to-date;

tiene un diseño muy actual it has a very modern o up-to-date design

3. [de interés] topical;

el desempleo es un tema muy actual unemployment is a very topical issue

* * *

actual

adj

1 present, current

2

:

un tema muy actual a very topical issue

* * *

actual adj

presente: present, current

* * *

actual adj

1. (presente) present / current

la situación actual the present situation

2. (de moda) up to date

Spanish-English dictionary > actual
17 name

1. noun
1) Name, der

what's your name/the name of this place? — wie heißt du/dieser Ort?

my name is Jack — ich heiße Jack; mein Name ist Jack

no one of or by that name — niemand mit diesem Namen od. (geh.) dieses Namens

last name — Zuname, der, Nachname, der

the name of Edwards — der Name Edwards

by name — namentlich [erwähnen, aufrufen usw.]

know somebody by name/by name only — jemanden mit Namen/nur dem Namen nach kennen

that's the name of the game — (coll.) darum geht es

put one's/somebody's name down for something — sich/jemanden für etwas vormerken lassen

put one's/somebody's name down on the waiting list — sich auf die Warteliste setzen lassen/jemanden auf die Warteliste setzen

without a penny to his name — ohne einen Pfennig in der Tasche

in name [only] — [nur] auf dem Papier

in all but name — im Grunde genommen

2) (reputation) Ruf, der

make a name for oneself — sich (Dat.) einen Namen machen

make one's/somebody's name — berühmt werden/jemanden berühmt machen

clear one's/somebody's name — seine/jemandes Unschuld beweisen

3)

call somebody names — (abuse) jemanden beschimpfen

4) (famous person) Name, der

many great or big names — viele namhafte Persönlichkeiten; viele Größen

be a big name — einen großen Namen haben

5) attrib.

name brand — Markenartikel, der
2. transitive verb
1) (give name to) einen Namen geben (+ Dat.)

name somebody John — jemanden John nennen

name a ship "Mary" — ein Schiff [auf den Namen] "Mary" taufen

name somebody/something after or (Amer.) for somebody — jemanden/etwas nach jemandem benennen

be named John — John heißen

a man named Smith — ein Mann namens od. mit Namen Smith

2) (call by right name) benennen

name the capital of Zambia — nenne die Hauptstadt von Sambia

3) (nominate) ernennen

name somebody [as] something — jemanden zu etwas ernennen

name one's successor — seinen Nachfolger bestimmen

he was named as the winner — ihm wurde der Sieg zuerkannt

4) (mention) nennen; (specify) benennen

name names — Namen nennen

name the day — (choose wedding day) den Tag der Hochzeit festsetzen

to name but a few — um nur einige zu nennen

we were given champagne, oysters, you name it — wir kriegten Champagner, Austern, und, und, und

* * *
[neim] 1. noun
1) (a word by which a person, place or thing is called: My name is Rachel; She knows all the flowers by name.) der Name

2) (reputation; fame: He has a name for honesty.) der Ruf
2. verb
1) (to give a name to: They named the child Thomas.) nennen

2) (to speak of or list by name: He could name all the kings of England.) benennen

•

- academic.ru/48953/nameless">nameless
- namely
- nameplate
- namesake
- call someone names
- call names
- in the name of
- make a name for oneself
- name after
* * *

name

[neɪm]

I. n

1. (title) Name m

hello, my \name's Peter hallo, ich heiße Peter

what's your \name? wie heißen Sie?

her full name is... ihr voller Name lautet...

first \name Vorname m

last \name Familienname m, Nachname m

to call sb \names jdn beschimpfen

some of the kids had been calling her \names ein paar von den anderen Kindern hatten ihr Schimpfwörter nachgerufen

to write one's last \name down first seinen Familiennamen zuerst angeben

by \name dem Namen nach

they were listed by \name and country of origin die Studenten waren dem Namen und Heimatland nach aufgelistet

in the business world he goes by the \name of J. Walter Fortune ( form) in der Geschäftswelt kennt man ihn unter dem Namen J. Walter Fortune

in all but \name de facto

she is vice-president in all but \name de facto ist sie die Vizepräsidentin

in \name only nur nominell [o dem Namen nach]

to do sth in the \name of sb [or to do sth in sb's \name] etw in jds Namen tun

I reserved by phone yesterday in the \name of Tremin ich habe gestern telefonisch auf den Namen Tremin reservieren lassen

the union is taking action in our \name die Gewerkschaft unternimmt Schritte in unserem Namen

in the \name of freedom and justice im Namen von Freiheit und Gerechtigkeit

in God's [or heaven's] \name um Himmels willen

what in God's \name caused that outburst? was um Himmels willen hat diesen Ausbruch verursacht?

under the \name of... unter dem Pseudonym...

2. (denoting an object or concept)

name of the article/account Bezeichnung f des Artikels/Kontos

3. no pl (reputation) Name m, Ruf m

if this project fails our \name will be mud wenn dieses Projekt fehlschlägt, wird unser Ruf ruiniert sein

to be a big/an important \name zu den großen/bedeutenden Persönlichkeiten zählen

a good/bad \name ein guter/schlechter Ruf

he developed a bad \name er hat sich einen schlechten Ruf eingehandelt

to give sb/sth a good \name jdm/etw einen guten Ruf verschaffen

to give sb/sth a bad \name jdn/etw in Verruf bringen

to clear one's \name seinen Namen reinwaschen

to have a \name for sth für etw akk bekannt sein

to make a \name for oneself sich dat einen Namen machen

he has made a \name for himself as a talented journalist er hat als talentierter Journalist von sich reden gemacht

4. BRIT ECON Lloyd's Mitglied

5.

▶ a \name to conjure with ein Name, der Wunder wirkt

Wutherington-Smythe, my goodness, that's a \name to conjure with! meine Güte, Wutherington-Smythe, das ist ein Name, der Eindruck macht

▶ the \name of the game das, worauf es ankommt

financial survival is the \name of the game was zählt, ist das finanzielle Überleben

▶ without a penny [or cent] to one's \name ohne einen Pfennig

he has not a penny to his \name er ist völlig mittellos

▶ to take sb's \name in vain jds Namen missbrauchen

II. vt

1. (call)

▪ to \name sb jdm einen Namen geben

they \named their little boy Philip sie nannten ihren kleinen Sohn Philip

▪ to \name sb after [or AM for] sb jdn nach jdm [be]nennen

Paul was \named after his grandfather Paul wurde nach seinem Großvater benannt

▪ to \name sth after [or AM for] sb etw nach jdm benennen

2. (list)

▪ to \name sb/sth jdn/etw nennen

\name three types of monkey geben Sie drei Affenarten an

3. (choose)

▪ to \name sb/sth jdn/etw nennen

to \name the time and the place [die] Zeit und [den] Ort nennen

you \name it was auch immer Sie wollen

gin, vodka, whisky, beer — you \name it, I've got it Gin, Wodka, Whisky, Bier — was [immer] Sie wünschen, ich führe es

4. (nominate)

▪ to \name sb sth jdn zu etw dat ernennen

she has been \named the new Democratic candidate sie ist als neuer Kandidat der Demokraten aufgestellt worden

* * *
[neɪm]
1. n

1) Name m

what's your name? — wie heißen Sie?, wie ist Ihr Name? (form)

my name is... — ich heiße..., mein Name ist... (form)

what's the name of this street? — wie heißt diese Straße?

this man, Smith by name — dieser Mann namens Smith

a man ( going) by the name of Gunn — ein Mann namens or mit Namen Gunn

I know him only by name — ich kenne ihn nur dem Namen nach

he knows all his customers by name — er kennt alle seine Kunden bei Namen

to refer to sb/sth by name —

in name alone or only — nur dem Namen nach

a marriage in name only —

I won't mention any names he writes under the name of X — ich möchte keine Namen nennen er schreibt unter dem Namen X

fill in your name(s) and address(es) —

they married to give the child a name — sie haben geheiratet, damit das Kind einen Namen hatte

what name shall I say? — wie ist Ihr Name, bitte?; (on telephone) wer ist am Apparat?; (before showing sb in) wen darf ich melden?

to have one's name taken (Ftbl, Police etc) — aufgeschrieben werden

in the name of — im Namen

stop in the name of the law in the name of goodness/God — halt, im Namen des Gesetzes um Himmels/Gottes willen

what in God's name... — was in Gottes Namen...

all the big names were there — alle großen Namen waren da

I'll put my/your name down (on list, in register etc) — ich trage mich/dich ein; (for school, class, excursion, competition etc) ich melde mich/dich an (for zu, for a school in einer Schule); (for tickets, goods etc) ich lasse mich/dich vormerken; (on waiting list) ich lasse mich or meinen Namen/dich or deinen Namen auf die Warteliste setzen

I'll put your name down, Sir/Madam — ich werde Sie vormerken

to call sb names — jdn beschimpfen

you can call me all the names you like... — du kannst mich nennen, was du willst...

not to have a penny/cent to one's name — völlig pleite sein (inf), keinen roten Heller haben (dated)

what's in a name? — was ist or bedeutet schon ein Name?, Name ist Schall und Rauch (Prov)

in all but name — praktisch

that's the name of the game (inf) — darum geht es

for these people survival is the name of the game — diesen Leuten geht es ums Überleben

I'll do it or my name's not Bob Brown — ich mache das, so wahr ich Bob Brown heiße

2) (= reputation) Name m, Ruf m

to have a good/bad name — einen guten/schlechten Ruf or Namen haben

to get a bad name — in Verruf kommen

to give sb a bad name — jdn in Verruf bringen

to protect one's good name — seinen Ruf or guten Namen wahren

to make one's name as, to make a name for oneself as — sich (dat) einen Namen machen als

to make one's name — berühmt werden

this book made his name — mit diesem Buch machte er sich einen Namen

to have a name for sth — für etw bekannt sein

3) (= important person) Persönlichkeit f

4) (Brit: Lloyd's investor) Lloyd's-Gesellschafter(in) m(f)

2. vt

1) (= call by a name, give a name to) person nennen; plant, new star etc benennen, einen Namen geben (+dat); ship taufen, einen Namen geben (+dat)

I name this child/ship X —

a person named Smith — jemand namens or mit Namen Smith

the child is named Peter — das Kind hat den or hört auf den Namen Peter

for sb — ein Kind nach jdm nennen

to name sb as a witness —

he was named as the thief/culprit/victim — er wurde als der Dieb/der Schuldige/das Opfer genannt or bezeichnet

they refused to name the victim — sie hielten den Namen des Opfers geheim

to name names — Namen nennen

2) (= appoint, nominate) ernennen

to name sb mayor/as leader —

to name sb for the post of mayor — jdn für das Amt des Bürgermeisters vorschlagen

he has been named as Nobel Prize winner — ihm wurde der Nobelpreis verliehen

they named her as the winner of the award — sie haben ihr den Preis verliehen

to name sb as one's heir — jdn zu seinem Erben bestimmen

3)

(= describe, designate) to name sb (as) sth — jdn als etw bezeichnen

4) (= specify, list) nennen

name the main plays by Shakespeare — nenne mir die wichtigsten Dramen Shakespeares

name your price — nennen Sie Ihren Preis

to name the day (inf) — den Hochzeitstag festsetzen

name the date and I'll be there — bestimmen Sie den Tag, und ich werde da sein

you name it, they have it/he's done it — es gibt nichts, was sie nicht haben/was er noch nicht gemacht hat

* * *

name [neım]

A v/t

1. (be)nennen ( after, US auch for nach), einen Namen geben (dat):

he had a street named after him nach ihm wurde eine Straße benannt

2. mit Namen nennen, beim Namen nennen

3. nennen, erwähnen, anführen:

he was named in the report;

name but one um nur einen zu nennen;

you name it, it’s in this car es gibt nichts, was es in diesem Wagen nicht gibt;

name names Namen nennen

4. a) ernennen zu

b) nominieren, vorschlagen ( beide:

for für)

c) wählen zu

d) benennen, bekannt geben

5. ein Datum etc festsetzen, bestimmen: how much do you want for this car? name your own price wie viel wollen Sie denn zahlen?, was ist er Ihnen denn wert?

6. PARL Br zur Ordnung rufen

B adj

1. Namen(s)…

2. US berühmt

C s

1. Name m:

what is your name? wie heißen Sie?

2. Name m, Bezeichnung f, Benennung f

3. Schimpfname m:

call sb names

a) jemanden beschimpfen,

b) jemanden verspotten

4. Name m, Ruf m:

a bad name

5. (berühmter) Name, (guter) Ruf, Ruhm m:

a man of name ein Mann von Ruf

6. Name m, Berühmtheit f, berühmte Persönlichkeit:

the great names of our century die großen Namen unseres Jahrhunderts

7. a) Sippe f, Geschlecht n, Familie f

b) Rasse f

c) Volk nBesondere Redewendungen: by name

a) mit Namen, namentlich,

b) namens,

c) dem Namen nach;

call sth by its proper name etwas beim richtigen Namen nennen;

mention by name namentlich erwähnen;

know sb by name

a) jemanden mit Namen kennen,

b) jemanden nur dem Namen nach kennen;

by ( oder under) the name of A. unter dem Namen A.;

a man by ( oder of) the name of A. ein Mann namens A.;

in name only nur dem Namen nach;

in all ( oder everything) but name wenn auch nicht dem Namen nach;

in the name of

a) um (gen) willen,

b) im Namen (gen),

c) unter dem Namen (gen),

d) auf den Namen (gen);

in the name of the law im Namen des Gesetzes;

in one’s own name in eigenem Namen;

be in sb’s name auf jemandes Namen eingetragen oder zugelassen sein;

be a name in show business einen Namen im Showbusiness haben;

get a bad name in Verruf kommen;

I haven’t got a penny to my name ich besitze keinen Pfennig;

give one’s name seinen Namen nennen;

give it a name! umg (he)raus damit!, sagen Sie, was Sie wollen!;

give sb a bad name jemanden in Verruf bringen;

give a dog a bad name (and hang him) (Sprichwort) einmal in Verruf, immer in Verruf;

have a bad name in schlechtem Ruf stehen ( among bei);

have a name for being a coward im Rufe stehen oder dafür bekannt sein, ein Feigling zu sein;

make one’s name, make a name for o.s., make o.s. a name sich einen Namen machen (as als; by durch);

put one’s name down for

a) kandidieren für,

b) sich anmelden für,

c) sich vormerken lassen für;

send in one’s name sich (an)melden;

he had his name taken SPORT er wurde verwarnt;

what’s in a name? was bedeutet schon ein Name?, Namen sind Schall und Rauch;

be the name of the game das Wichtigste sein; das sein, worauf es ankommt;

profit is the name of the game in business im Geschäftsleben dreht sich alles um Gewinn

* * *
1. noun
1) Name, der

what's your name/the name of this place? — wie heißt du/dieser Ort?

my name is Jack — ich heiße Jack; mein Name ist Jack

no one of or by that name — niemand mit diesem Namen od. (geh.) dieses Namens

last name — Zuname, der, Nachname, der

the name of Edwards — der Name Edwards

by name — namentlich [erwähnen, aufrufen usw.]

know somebody by name/by name only — jemanden mit Namen/nur dem Namen nach kennen

that's the name of the game — (coll.) darum geht es

put one's/somebody's name down for something — sich/jemanden für etwas vormerken lassen

put one's/somebody's name down on the waiting list — sich auf die Warteliste setzen lassen/jemanden auf die Warteliste setzen

without a penny to his name — ohne einen Pfennig in der Tasche

in name [only] — [nur] auf dem Papier

in all but name — im Grunde genommen

2) (reputation) Ruf, der

make a name for oneself — sich (Dat.) einen Namen machen

make one's/somebody's name — berühmt werden/jemanden berühmt machen

clear one's/somebody's name — seine/jemandes Unschuld beweisen

3)

call somebody names — (abuse) jemanden beschimpfen

4) (famous person) Name, der

many great or big names — viele namhafte Persönlichkeiten; viele Größen

be a big name — einen großen Namen haben

5) attrib.

name brand — Markenartikel, der
2. transitive verb
1) (give name to) einen Namen geben (+ Dat.)

name somebody John — jemanden John nennen

name a ship "Mary" — ein Schiff [auf den Namen] "Mary" taufen

name somebody/something after or (Amer.) for somebody — jemanden/etwas nach jemandem benennen

be named John — John heißen

a man named Smith — ein Mann namens od. mit Namen Smith

2) (call by right name) benennen

name the capital of Zambia — nenne die Hauptstadt von Sambia

3) (nominate) ernennen

name somebody [as] something — jemanden zu etwas ernennen

name one's successor — seinen Nachfolger bestimmen

he was named as the winner — ihm wurde der Sieg zuerkannt

4) (mention) nennen; (specify) benennen

name names — Namen nennen

name the day — (choose wedding day) den Tag der Hochzeit festsetzen

to name but a few — um nur einige zu nennen

we were given champagne, oysters, you name it — wir kriegten Champagner, Austern, und, und, und

* * *

n.

Name -n m. v.

benennen v.

heißen v.

(§ p.,pp.: hieß, geheißen)

nennen v.

(§ p.,pp.: nannte, genannt)

English-german dictionary > name
18 term

n

1) срок (тюремного заключения, пребывания на посту и т.п.); предел; период

2) термин; выражение

3) pl условия; отношения

•

to abide by terms — выполнять / соблюдать условия

to accept the terms — принимать условия; соглашаться на условия

to agree to smb's terms — соглашаться на чьи-л. условия

to be on bad / good terms — быть в плохих / хороших отношениях

to be on right terms with the right people — быть в нужных отношениях с нужными людьми

to be sworn in for a four-year term — быть приведенным к присяге для занятия поста на четырехлетний срок

to begin one's term of office — начинать срок своего пребывания у власти

to bring to term — приводить к соглашению

to come to term with smb — договариваться с кем-л.

to come to term with what happened — примиряться с тем, что произошло

to complete one's term — отбыть наказание

to comply with all the terms of the agreement — соблюдать все условия соглашения

to couch smth in very friendly terms — излагать что-л. в очень дружелюбных выражениях

to cut short smb's term — сокращать срок пребывания кого-л. у власти / в заключении

to dictate one's term — диктовать свои условия

to discuss smth in general terms — обсуждать что-л. в общем виде

to ease the financial terms of assistance — облегчать финансовые условия оказания помощи

to extend smb's term (in office) — продлевать срок чьего-л. пребывания у власти

to gain another 5-year term — быть избранным на новый пятилетний срок

to give smb a six-year term — приговаривать кого-л. к шестилетнему тюремному заключению

to grant loans on easy terms — предоставлять займы на льготных условиях

to impose term — навязывать условия

to impose long prison terms — приговаривать кого-л. к длительным срокам тюремного заключения

to improve the terms of trade — улучшать / совершенствовать условия торговли

to last one's full term of office — дотягивать до конца установленного срока пребывания у власти

to meet the terms — удовлетворять условиям

to modify the term of references — изменять круг полномочий

to negotiate the terms of peace — договариваться об условиях мира

to observe the term of a peace plan — соблюдать положения плана мира

to offer the terms of service — предлагать условия работы

to outline the terms for smth — излагать условия чего-л.

to run for a second term — баллотироваться на второй срок

to protest to smb in the strongest terms — заявлять кому-л. резкий протест

to return smb to his third term of office — избирать кого-л. на третий срок

to run for another term — баллотироваться еще на один срок

to sentence smb to a long prison term — приговаривать кого-л. к длительному тюремному заключению

to serve a life term — отбывать пожизненное тюремное заключение

to serve a prison term — отбывать срок тюремного заключения

to serve a third term — оставаться на посту на третий срок

to serve one's term under a harsh regime — отбывать заключение в тюрьме строго режима

to serve out the remainder of one's term as President — дослужить до конца срока в качестве президента

to set out the terms for smth — излагать условия чего-л.

to specify the term of reference — устанавливать объем полномочий

to spell out one's terms for peace — излагать свои условия мира

to stand for a second term — баллотироваться на второй срок

to stretch the repayment term — растягивать срок выплаты долга

to win a landslide third term — быть избранным на третий срок значительным большинством голосов

to win favorable terms — добиваться благоприятных условий

to win one's second term in office — быть избранным на второй срок

to work out the terms of reference — разрабатывать полномочия

- acceptable terms
- arbitration term
- bid for a fourth term in office
- binding terms of contract
- ceasefire terms
- concessionaire terms
- couched in polite terms
- deferred payment terms
- disastrous entry terms
- early in smb's term
- easy terms
- equal terms
- expiration of the term of office
- expired term
- favorable terms
- fettering terms
- fixed term
- for an indefinite term
- harsh jail term
- harsh terms
- hostile terms
- humiliating peace terms
- in absolute terms
- in diplomatic terms
- in distinct term
- in dollar terms
- in general terms
- in military terms
- in monetary terms
- in money terms
- in no uncertain terms
- in numerical terms
- in per capita terms
- in percentage terms
- in physical terms
- in quantitative terms
- in real terms
- in restrained terms
- in strong terms
- in terms of figures
- in terms of gold
- in terms of money
- in terms of numbers
- in terms of percentage points
- in terms of production
- in terms of value
- in terms of
- in terms
- in the clearest terms
- in the long term
- in unequivocal terms
- in unmistakable terms
- in value terms
- initial term of a convention
- intermediate term
- long term
- mutually acceptable terms
- mutually advantageous terms
- on acceptable terms
- on advantageous terms
- on beneficial terms
- on conventional terms
- on easy terms
- on equal terms
- on even terms
- on favorable terms
- on hard terms
- on highly concessional interest terms
- on hire-purchase terms
- on lobby terms
- on low interest terms
- on most favored nation term
- on much easier terms
- on mutually advantageous terms
- on reasonable terms
- on soft terms
- on straight business terms
- on term of complete equality
- on terms
- on the usual trade terms
- one-sided terms
- out-of-court compensation terms
- peace terms
- political term
- preferential term for the supply of smth
- prior to the expiration of the term
- prison term
- prison terms ranging from five years to life
- probationary term
- prolongation of the term
- shipping terms
- short term
- smb's second / third term in office
- soft terms
- term in office ends in December
- term in office expires in December
- terms and conditions
- terms of a contract
- terms of a treaty
- terms of an agreement
- terms of delivery
- terms of existing international instruments
- terms of financing
- terms of interest
- terms of office
- terms of payment
- terms of reference
- terms of sale
- terms of settlement

- terms of surrender
- terms of trade
- terms ranging from 18 months to 7 years
- terms required of smb
- tough terms
- trade terms
- trial term
- two-year term
- unacceptable terms
- under the terms of a clearing agreement
- under the terms of the peace plan
- under the terms of the treaty
- unexpired term
- usual terms

Politics english-russian dictionary > term
19 traction

•• * Интересное слово. Не знаю, можно ли говорить о новом его значении или речь идет о метафорическом словоупотреблении, связанном с его известными значениями (тяга, сила сцепления, притягательная сила), но во всех нижеследующих примерах (из нескольких номеров Washington Post) двуязычные словари (я смотрел Новый БАРС и ABBYY Lingvo) не очень помогут переводчику:

•• 1. With his plan to lower the cost of health care for most Americans, “Gephardt has hit on a real Achilles’ heel, and he will get traction on it if he becomes the nominee,” said Rep. Ray LaHood. (R-Ill.) 2. One of the biggest temptations for lawmakers will be to lend the money rather than spend it outright. This approach has particular traction in the Senate, where a number of Republicans are endorsing it. 3. The message from Annan’s demoralized staff to the Bush administration was summed up by a senior U.N. official speaking to the Financial Times: “We wish you well, we hope you succeed, but we want to maintain our own integrity in case you don’t.” In other words, abandon ship. Not surprisingly, the resolution did not gain traction in this atmosphere. 4. “ People like Mikulski in Maryland,” said Matthew Crenson, a political science professor at Johns Hopkins University. “It’s illustrative of how difficult it is for Republicans to gain traction in this state that they had to cast about for a candidate for so long.”
•• В принципе в переводе всех этих примеров подойдет слово поддержка (или сторонники). Это удачный контекстуальный перевод, но он, конечно, не описывает значения. Для его описания больше подойдут слова шансы на успех, перспективы, привлекательность.
•• Пример того, как вошедшее в моду слово приобретает эластичность, по сути не меняя своего значения, а просто за счет расширения метафоры, т.е. ее распространения на новые сферы:
•• The euro’s rise to a record high this week, driven by a skidding dollar, comes at a sensitive time for a European economic recovery that finally seems to be gaining a bit of traction. (International Herald Tribune)
•• Для переводчика это может создавать проблемы – ведь, например, в данном случае метафора «трения», «сцепления» в русском языке не работает. Видимо, надо менять метафору. Может быть, так: <...> экономичеcкая активность в Европе начинает, как кажется, потихоньку набирать обороты.
•• Следующий довольно трудный для перевода пример:
•• The minority in this country which is opposed to the U.N. is far more intense than the majority that seems to favor the U.N., so that the minority view has far more traction. (Atlantic)
•• Здесь – изрядно смазанная, но все-таки метафора, и ее придется заменить на другую (Я.И. Рецкер называл такой прием «адекватной заменой»). Думаю, можно попробовать, например, резонанс:
•• Меньшинство, настроенное против ООН, гораздо напористее, чем большинство, которое вроде бы поддерживает ООН, и поэтому мнение меньшинства имеет гораздо больший резонанс.
•• The Bush administration’s grand plan to reform the Middle East may be gaining traction even though most governments in the region remain deeply suspicious of the U.S. president and his proactive agenda. (Newsweek)
•• В переводе – еще одно контекстуальное соответствие:
•• Возможно, амбициозный план администрации по реформированию Ближнего Востока начинает работать/давать плоды, хотя большинство государств региона сохраняют глубоко подозрительное отношение к президенту США и его наступательной стратегии.
•• Здесь, конечно, интересны также слова proactive и agenda. Оба включены в «Мой несистематический словарь», и добавить здесь можно лишь то, что в русское словоупотребление понемногу входит слово проактивный, но мне оно не очень нравится по уже отмеченной причине – в слове активный (в отличие от английского active) это значение и так есть.
•• (В скобках замечу, что у слова traction есть специализированное медицинское значение – вытяжение. Англо-французский словарь дает to be in traction – être en extension. По-русски – лежать на вытяжке.)
•• Помимо to gain traction нередко встречается to gain purchase:
•• We are fast approaching the fifty year anniversary of Harry S. Truman’s inaugural presidential address in which the idea of ‘underdeveloped areas’ first gained purchase in the universe of public discourse. - <...> инаугурационная речь президента Трумэна, в которой впервые прозвучали слова, впоследствии получившие широкое распространение в политической речи, - « слаборазвитые районы».
•• Then the format shrank even more as cassette tapes gained purchase over eight-tracks, finally eclipsing them in the era just prior to compact discs.
•• В данном случае подойдет антонимический перевод:
•• <...> этот формат начал уступать позиции кассетам. To gain purchase over - возможно и вытеснить.
•• Интересно все-таки, что при наличии, казалось бы, полностью синонимичных to gain ground и to gain momentum языку понадобилось и to gain traction. Как и всякая языковая мода, это не всем нравится. Один канадский профессор охарактеризовал как some of the worst examples of writing and thinking I have seen in my entire career следующую фразу: It took the first album about half a year to gain traction among the American youth. Что тут возразить? Нравится слово traction или нет – дело вкуса. Как сказала одна моя коллега в ООН, traction is not a word I would use. Но оно есть, и по «закону языковой моды» чем чаще оно употребляется, тем эластичнее становится его значение. Можно, пожалуй, студентам давать как упражнение на лексическую изобретательность в переводе.
•• Вот еще пара примеров:
•• The government’s policies are gaining traction. South Africa’s corporations are investing and many white South Africans are returning home. (Newsweek)
•• Здесь, конечно, напрашивается <...> политика правительства начинает давать результаты. В рамках того же значения – совершенно не «словарный», контекстуальный вариант перевода:
•• While America’s ambitions in the “greater Middle East” <...> will probably still make its debut at three international summits next month, it’s unlikely to generate much traction any time soon. (Washington Post) – <...> существенного продвижения вперед в обозримом будущем достичь вряд ли удастся.
•• Напоследок: это слово, пожалуй, неплохо подойдет при переводе известного процесс пошел – the process has gained/is gaining traction.

English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > traction
20 Gillette, King Camp

SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors, Metallurgy

[br]

b. 5 January 1855 Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, USA

d. 9 July 1932 Los Angeles, California, USA

[br]

American inventor and manufacturer, inventor of the safety razor.

[br]

Gillette's formal education in Chicago was brought to an end when a disastrous fire destroyed all his father's possessions. Forced to fend for himself, he worked first in the hardware trade in Chicago and New York, then as a travelling salesman. Gillette inherited the family talent for invention, but found that his successful inventions barely paid for those that failed. He was advised by a previous employer, William Painter (inventor of the Crown Cork), to look around for something that could be used widely and then thrown away. In 1895 he succeeded in following that advice of inventing something which people could use and then throw away, so that they would keep coming back for more. An idea came to him while he was honing an old-fashioned razor one morning; he was struck by the fact that only a short piece of the whole length of a cutthroat razor is actually used for shaving, as well as by the potentially dangerous nature of the implement. He "rushed out to purchase some pieces of brass, some steel ribbon used for clock springs, a small hand vise and some files". He thought of using a thin steel blade sharpened on each side, placed between two plates and held firmly together by a handle. Though coming from a family of inventors, Gillette had no formal technical education and was entirely ignorant of metallurgy. For six years he sought a way of making a cheap blade from sheet steel that could be hardened, tempered and sharpened to a keen edge.

Gillette eventually found financial supporters: Henry Sachs, a Boston lamp manufacturer; his brother-in-law Jacob Heilbron; and William Nickerson, who had a considerable talent for invention. By skilled trial and error rather than expert metallurgical knowledge, Nickerson devised ways of forming and sharpening the blades, and it was these that brought commercial success. In 1901, the American Safety Razor Company, later to be renamed the Gillette Safety Razor Company, was set up. When it started production in 1903 the company was badly in debt, and managed to sell only fifty-one razors and 168 blades; but by the end of the following year, 90,000 razors and 12.4 million blades had been sold. A sound invention coupled with shrewd promotion ensured further success, and eight plants manufacturing safety razors were established in various parts of the world. Gillette's business experiences led him into the realms of social theory about the way society should be organized. He formulated his views in a series of books published over the years 1894 to 1910. He believed that competition led to a waste of up to 90 per cent of human effort and that want and crime would be eliminated by substituting a giant trust to plan production centrally. Unfortunately, the public in America, or anywhere else for that matter, were not ready for this form of Utopia; no omniscient planners were available, and human wants and needs were too various to be supplied by a single agency. Even so, some of his ideas have found favour: air conditioning and government provision of work for the unemployed. Gillette made a fortune from his invention and retired from active participation in the business in 1913, although he remained President until 1931 and Director until his death.

[br]

Bibliography

"Origin of the Gillette razor", Gillette Blade (February/March).

Further Reading

Obituary, 1932, New York Times (11 July).

J.Jewkes, D.Sawers and R.Stillerman, 1958, The Sources of Invention, London: Macmillan.

LRD / IMcN

Biographical history of technology > Gillette, King Camp

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